From 44ec09b67ce994d5bd16553a54d59f0c4524da41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 16 Dec 2024 11:20:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/30] update version handling and dependencies

---
 cqlib/VERSION.txt    |    1 +
 cqlib/_version.py    |    8 +-
 poetry.lock          | 1281 ------------------------------------------
 pyproject.toml       |   35 +-
 requirements-dev.txt |    9 +
 requirements.txt     |    8 +
 6 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 1308 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/VERSION.txt
 delete mode 100644 poetry.lock
 create mode 100644 requirements-dev.txt
 create mode 100644 requirements.txt

diff --git a/cqlib/VERSION.txt b/cqlib/VERSION.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb174d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/VERSION.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1.2.1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cqlib/_version.py b/cqlib/_version.py
index 14d2bf1..09cafa4 100644
--- a/cqlib/_version.py
+++ b/cqlib/_version.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 
 """Version number"""
-
+import os
 import sys
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 10, 0):  # pragma: no cover
@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ if sys.version_info < (3, 10, 0):  # pragma: no cover
         "You can download the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/\n"
     )
 
+ROOT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+with open(os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, "VERSION.txt")) as version_file:
+    VERSION = version_file.read().strip()
+
 version: str
 __version__: str
 
-__version__ = version = '1.2.1'
+__version__ = version = VERSION
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index cf19c40..0000000
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1281 +0,0 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.8.3 and should not be changed by hand.
-
-[[package]]
-name = "antlr4-python3-runtime"
-version = "4.13.1"
-description = "ANTLR 4.13.1 runtime for Python 3"
-optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
-files = [
-    {file = "antlr4-python3-runtime-4.13.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3cd282f5ea7cfb841537fe01f143350fdb1c0b1ce7981443a2fa8513fddb6d1a"},
-    {file = "antlr4_python3_runtime-4.13.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:78ec57aad12c97ac039ca27403ad61cb98aaec8a3f9bb8144f889aa0fa28b943"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "astroid"
-version = "3.2.4"
-description = "An abstract syntax tree for Python with inference support."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8.0"
-files = [
-    {file = "astroid-3.2.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:413658a61eeca6202a59231abb473f932038fbcbf1666587f66d482083413a25"},
-    {file = "astroid-3.2.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0e14202810b30da1b735827f78f5157be2bbd4a7a59b7707ca0bfc2fb4c0063a"},
-]
-
-[package.dependencies]
-typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.0.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
-
-[[package]]
-name = "certifi"
-version = "2024.7.4"
-description = "Python package for providing Mozilla's CA Bundle."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
-files = [
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-
-[[package]]
-name = "cfgv"
-version = "3.4.0"
-description = "Validate configuration and produce human readable error messages."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
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-
-[[package]]
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-version = "3.3.2"
-description = "The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Open, modern and actively maintained alternative to Chardet."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7.0"
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-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp39-cp39-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = "sha256:c8098ddcc2a85b61647b2590f825f3db38891662cfc2fc776415143f599bb859"},
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-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:04ac92ad1925b2cff1db0cfebffb6ffc43457495c9b3c39d3fcae417d7125dc5"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp39-cp39-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:faca3bdcf85b2fc05d06ff3fbc1f83e1391b3e724afa3feba7d13eeab355484c"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:510c9deebc5c0225e8c96813043e62b680ba2f9c50a08d3724c7f28a747d1486"},
-    {file = "PyYAML-6.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bfdf460b1736c775f2ba9f6a92bca30bc2095067b8a9d77876d1fad6cc3b4a43"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "requests"
-version = "2.32.3"
-description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
-    {file = "requests-2.32.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:70761cfe03c773ceb22aa2f671b4757976145175cdfca038c02654d061d6dcc6"},
-    {file = "requests-2.32.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:55365417734eb18255590a9ff9eb97e9e1da868d4ccd6402399eaf68af20a760"},
-]
-
-[package.dependencies]
-certifi = ">=2017.4.17"
-charset-normalizer = ">=2,<4"
-idna = ">=2.5,<4"
-urllib3 = ">=1.21.1,<3"
-
-[package.extras]
-socks = ["PySocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7)"]
-use-chardet-on-py3 = ["chardet (>=3.0.2,<6)"]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "six"
-version = "1.16.0"
-description = "Python 2 and 3 compatibility utilities"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*"
-files = [
-    {file = "six-1.16.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8abb2f1d86890a2dfb989f9a77cfcfd3e47c2a354b01111771326f8aa26e0254"},
-    {file = "six-1.16.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1e61c37477a1626458e36f7b1d82aa5c9b094fa4802892072e49de9c60c4c926"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "sympy"
-version = "1.13.1"
-description = "Computer algebra system (CAS) in Python"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
-    {file = "sympy-1.13.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:db36cdc64bf61b9b24578b6f7bab1ecdd2452cf008f34faa33776680c26d66f8"},
-    {file = "sympy-1.13.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9cebf7e04ff162015ce31c9c6c9144daa34a93bd082f54fd8f12deca4f47515f"},
-]
-
-[package.dependencies]
-mpmath = ">=1.1.0,<1.4"
-
-[package.extras]
-dev = ["hypothesis (>=6.70.0)", "pytest (>=7.1.0)"]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tabulate"
-version = "0.9.0"
-description = "Pretty-print tabular data"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
-files = [
-    {file = "tabulate-0.9.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:024ca478df22e9340661486f85298cff5f6dcdba14f3813e8830015b9ed1948f"},
-    {file = "tabulate-0.9.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0095b12bf5966de529c0feb1fa08671671b3368eec77d7ef7ab114be2c068b3c"},
-]
-
-[package.extras]
-widechars = ["wcwidth"]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tomli"
-version = "2.0.1"
-description = "A lil' TOML parser"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
-files = [
-    {file = "tomli-2.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:939de3e7a6161af0c887ef91b7d41a53e7c5a1ca976325f429cb46ea9bc30ecc"},
-    {file = "tomli-2.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:de526c12914f0c550d15924c62d72abc48d6fe7364aa87328337a31007fe8a4f"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tomlkit"
-version = "0.13.0"
-description = "Style preserving TOML library"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
-    {file = "tomlkit-0.13.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7075d3042d03b80f603482d69bf0c8f345c2b30e41699fd8883227f89972b264"},
-    {file = "tomlkit-0.13.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:08ad192699734149f5b97b45f1f18dad7eb1b6d16bc72ad0c2335772650d7b72"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.12.2"
-description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a7ead55c7e559dd4dee8856e3a88b41225abfe1ce8df57b7c13915fe121ffb8"},
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.2.2"
-description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
-files = [
-    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a448b2f64d686155468037e1ace9f2d2199776e17f0a46610480d311f73e3472"},
-    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dd505485549a7a552833da5e6063639d0d177c04f23bc3864e41e5dc5f612168"},
-]
-
-[package.extras]
-brotli = ["brotli (>=1.0.9)", "brotlicffi (>=0.8.0)"]
-h2 = ["h2 (>=4,<5)"]
-socks = ["pysocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7,<2.0)"]
-zstd = ["zstandard (>=0.18.0)"]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "virtualenv"
-version = "20.26.3"
-description = "Virtual Python Environment builder"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
-files = [
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8cc4a31139e796e9a7de2cd5cf2489de1217193116a8fd42328f1bd65f434589"},
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4c43a2a236279d9ea36a0d76f98d84bd6ca94ac4e0f4a3b9d46d05e10fea542a"},
-]
-
-[package.dependencies]
-distlib = ">=0.3.7,<1"
-filelock = ">=3.12.2,<4"
-platformdirs = ">=3.9.1,<5"
-
-[package.extras]
-docs = ["furo (>=2023.7.26)", "proselint (>=0.13)", "sphinx (>=7.1.2,!=7.3)", "sphinx-argparse (>=0.4)", "sphinxcontrib-towncrier (>=0.2.1a0)", "towncrier (>=23.6)"]
-test = ["covdefaults (>=2.3)", "coverage (>=7.2.7)", "coverage-enable-subprocess (>=1)", "flaky (>=3.7)", "packaging (>=23.1)", "pytest (>=7.4)", "pytest-env (>=0.8.2)", "pytest-freezer (>=0.4.8)", "pytest-mock (>=3.11.1)", "pytest-randomly (>=3.12)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1)", "setuptools (>=68)", "time-machine (>=2.10)"]
-
-[metadata]
-lock-version = "2.0"
-python-versions = "^3.10"
-content-hash = "135acdd759591b012f60b10d646e4389e66174bba22072fb5bbf5fee794c169c"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 23a477c..ff7e5eb 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 [project]
 name = "cqlib"
-version = "1.2.1"
 description = "China Quantum Library"
 authors = [
     { name = "China Telecom Quantum Group Quantum Computing Team", email = "tianyan@chinatelecom.cn" },
@@ -30,27 +29,7 @@ keywords = [
     "quantum",
     "sdk",
 ]
-
-dependencies = [
-    "matplotlib>=3.7.5",
-    "networkx>=3.0",
-    "numpy>=2.1.2",
-    "requests>=2.31.0",
-    "sympy>=1.12.0",
-    "tabulate>=0.9.0",
-    "openqasm3[parser]>=1.0.0",
-    "antlr4-python3-runtime>=4.13.2"
-]
-
-[project.optional-dependencies]
-dev = [
-    "pytest>=8.0.2",
-    "pylint>=3.2.2",
-    "pre-commit>=3.7.1",
-    "pytest-xdist>=3.6.1",
-    "pytest-html>=4.1.1",
-    "antlr4-tools>=0.2.1",
-]
+dynamic = ["version", "dependencies",]
 
 [project.urls]
 Homepage = "https://qc.zdxlz.com/"
@@ -59,12 +38,16 @@ Repository = "https://gitee.com/cq-lib/cqlib"
 Issues = "https://gitee.com/cq-lib/cqlib/issues"
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel", 'delocate', "poetry-core", 'numpy==2.1.2', 'pipx']
+requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel", 'delocate', "poetry-core", 'numpy>=2.1.2', 'pipx']
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [tool.setuptools]
 packages = ["cqlib"]
 
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = { file = "cqlib/VERSION.txt" }
+dependencies = {file = "requirements.txt" }
+
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 before-all = "uname -a"
 skip = "pp* cp36-* cp37-* cp38-* cp39-* *musllinux*"
@@ -77,9 +60,11 @@ environment = "MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=12"
 repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel} && pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
-repair-wheel-command = ["pip install delvewheel",
+repair-wheel-command = [
+    "pip install delvewheel",
     'delvewheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}',
-    "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"]
+    "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
+]
 
 
 [tool.setuptools.package-data]
diff --git a/requirements-dev.txt b/requirements-dev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5193a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements-dev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+pytest>=8.0.2
+pylint>=3.2.2
+pre-commit>=3.7.1
+pytest-xdist>=3.6.1
+pytest-html>=4.1.1
+antlr4-tools>=0.2.1
+delocate
+poetry-core
+pipx
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11f026e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+matplotlib >= 3.7.5
+networkx>=3.0
+numpy>=2.1.2
+requests>=2.31.0
+sympy>=1.12.0
+tabulate>=0.9.0
+openqasm3[parser]>=1.0.0
+antlr4-python3-runtime>=4.13.2
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
Gitee


From 69c28d0d9c6405ef2f1ca50b89a8096082641433 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2025 09:52:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/30] build simulator , github action

---
 .github/workflows/build_linux_2_17.yml   |   4 +-
 .github/workflows/build_mac.yml          |   6 +-
 .github/workflows/build_win.yml          | 116 ++++++++++++++---------
 cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py |  46 ++-------
 pyproject.toml                           |  10 +-
 setup.py                                 |  77 ++++++++-------
 6 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_linux_2_17.yml b/.github/workflows/build_linux_2_17.yml
index 42fb72e..678d477 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_linux_2_17.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_linux_2_17.yml
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - os: ubuntu-latest # 测试通过
             arch: x86_64
-          - os: ubuntu-latest # 测试通过
-            arch: i686
+#          - os: ubuntu-latest # 测试通过
+#            arch: i686
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_mac.yml b/.github/workflows/build_mac.yml
index 2a08f09..bb7a280 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_mac.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_mac.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - os: macos-latest # 测试通过
             arch: arm64
-          - os: macos-12 # 测试通过
+          - os: macos-13 # 测试通过
             arch: x86_64
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -42,12 +42,8 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build wheels with cibuildwheel
         env:
-          CIBW_ARCHS_LINUX: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS: ${{ matrix.arch }}
           CIBW_ARCHS_MACOS: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-#          CIBW_BUILD: cp31-*
           CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS: "CFLAGS=/openmp"
-          CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: ">=3.10"
           CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
           MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: 12.0
           CIBW_MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: 12.0
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_win.yml b/.github/workflows/build_win.yml
index 8a8e8bc..f8b2d68 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_win.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_win.yml
@@ -7,50 +7,61 @@ on:
     branches: [ main ]
 
 jobs:
-  build_wheels_windows_x86:
-    environment: release
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - os: windows-latest
-            arch: x86
-#          - os: windows-latest # 不支持，不折腾了
-#            arch: ARM64
-
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout source code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: pip install -U cibuildwheel delocate numpy
-
-      - name: Build wheels with cibuildwheel
-        shell: cmd
-        env:
-          CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS: >
-            PATH="C:\\mingw32\\bin;$PATH"
-            CC="C:/mingw32/bin/gcc.exe"
-            LD="C:/mingw32/bin/ld.exe"
-          CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-#          CIBW_BUILD: cp31?-*
-          CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: ">=3.10"
-          CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
-        run: |
-          where gcc
-          gcc --version
-          where ld
-          ld --version
-          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --archs  ${{ matrix.arch }}
-
-      - name: Upload built wheels
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
-          path: wheelhouse/*.whl
-
+#  build_wheels_windows_x86:
+#    environment: release
+#    strategy:
+#      fail-fast: false
+#      matrix:
+#        include:
+#          - os: windows-latest
+#            arch: x86
+##          - os: windows-latest # 不支持，不折腾了
+##            arch: ARM64
+#
+#    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+#
+#    steps:
+#      - name: Checkout source code
+#        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+#
+#      - name: Set up Python
+#        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+#        id: setpy
+#        with:
+#          python-version: |
+#            3.10.11
+#            3.11.9
+#            3.12.9
+#            3.13.2
+#          architecture: 'x86'
+#      - run: echo '${{ steps.setpy.outputs }}'
+#
+#      - name: Install cibuildwheel
+#        run: pip install -U cibuildwheel delocate
+#
+#      - name: Build wheels with cibuildwheel
+#        shell: cmd
+#        env:
+#          CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_WINDOWS: >
+#            PATH="C:\\mingw32\\bin;$PATH"
+#            CC="C:/mingw32/bin/gcc.exe"
+#            LD="C:/mingw32/bin/ld.exe"
+#          CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+#          CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: '>=3.10'
+#          CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
+#          CIBW_PYTHON_HOME: ${{ steps.setpy.outputs.python-path }}
+#        run: |
+#          where gcc
+#          gcc --version
+#          where ld
+#          ld --version
+#          python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse --archs  ${{ matrix.arch }}
+#
+#      - name: Upload built wheels
+#        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+#        with:
+#          name: wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.arch }}
+#          path: wheelhouse/*.whl
 
   build_wheels_windows_amd64:
     environment: release
@@ -71,15 +82,26 @@ jobs:
       - name: Checkout source code
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
+      - name: Set up Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        id: setpy
+        with:
+          python-version: |
+            3.10.11
+            3.11.9
+            3.12.9
+            3.13.2
+      - run: echo '${{ steps.setpy.outputs }}'
+
       - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: pip install -U cibuildwheel delocate numpy
+        run: pip install -U cibuildwheel delocate
 
       - name: Build wheels with cibuildwheel
         env:
           CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-#          CIBW_BUILD: cp31?-*
-          CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: ">=3.10"
+          CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON: '>=3.10'
           CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY: 1
+          CIBW_PYTHON_HOME: ${{ steps.setpy.outputs.python-path }}
         run: cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
 
       - name: Upload built wheels
diff --git a/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py b/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
index 8ee9918..3816a08 100644
--- a/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
+++ b/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
 from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 from cqlib.simulator.mergy import Gate, merge_gate
-from cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c import get_measure, get_probs, \
-    get_sample, get_state, free_memory
+# from cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c import get_measure, get_probs, \
+#     get_sample, get_state
+from cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c import get_state, get_probs, get_measure, get_sample
 
 gate_name_map = {
     "H": 72,
@@ -80,33 +81,6 @@ gate_name_map = {
 }
 
 
-class CGate(ctypes.Structure):
-    """
-    CGate class represents a quantum gate structure in C, which is used to interface
-    with the low-level C library for quantum gate simulations.
-
-    """
-    _fields_ = [
-        ("gate_id", ctypes.c_size_t),
-        ("qubits", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32)),
-        ("qubits_len", ctypes.c_size_t),
-        ("theta", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double)),
-        ("mat", ctypes.c_void_p),
-    ]
-
-    def __init__(self, gate: Gate):
-        """
-        Initializes the CGate object by converting a Python Gate object to the C structure.
-        """
-        super().__init__()
-        self.gate_id = gate_name_map[gate.name]
-        # NOTE: may raise key Err, but this is a feature
-        self.qubits = (len(gate.qubits) * ctypes.c_uint32)(*gate.qubits)
-        self.qubits_len = len(gate.qubits)
-        self.theta = (len(gate.theta) * ctypes.c_double)(*gate.theta)
-        self.mat = gate.mat.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.c_void_p)
-
-
 class StatevectorSimulator:
     """
     StatevectorSimulator is a quantum circuit simulator that simulates quantum circuits
@@ -170,16 +144,12 @@ class StatevectorSimulator:
                     param = float(param.value(params=self.circuit.parameters_value))
                 ps.append(param)
             name = item.instruction.name
-            # if name in ['CRX', 'CRY', 'CRZ', 'CCX', 'SWAP']:
-            #     name = 'fgate'
-            #     if self.is_fusion:
-            #         raise ValueError(f"gate {item.instruction.name} not support fusion.")
 
             self.gates.append(Gate(
                 name=name,
                 qubits=qubits,
                 theta=ps,
-                mat=np.array(item.instruction)
+                mat=np.asarray(item.instruction)
             ))
 
     def _check_fusion(self):
@@ -224,9 +194,9 @@ class StatevectorSimulator:
         """
         self._check_fusion()
         gates_list = self.get_gates()
-        state_array, state_ptr_capsule = get_state(self.nq, 2 ** self.nq, gates_list, self.omp_threads)
+        state_list, state_ptr_capsule = get_state(self.nq, 2 ** self.nq, gates_list, self.omp_threads)
         self.state_ptr_capsule = state_ptr_capsule
-        state = {np.binary_repr(i, width=self.nq): val for i, val in enumerate(state_array)}
+        state = {np.binary_repr(i, width=self.nq): val for i, val in enumerate(state_list)}
         return state
 
     def probs(self) -> dict[str, np.float64]:
@@ -307,6 +277,7 @@ class StatevectorSimulator:
         # Call get_sample from the C extension module
         samples_array, samples_ptr_capsule = get_sample(
             shots,
+            len(self.measure_qubits),
             self.measure_ptr_capsule,
             self.omp_threads,
             self.nq,
@@ -323,10 +294,7 @@ class StatevectorSimulator:
         if is_raw_data:
             return samples_array
 
-        samples_array = samples_array.astype(np.uint64)
         mq_len = len(self.measure_qubits)
-        # powers_of_two = 2 ** np.arange(mq_len)[::-1]
-        # samples_int = samples_array.dot(powers_of_two).astype(np.uint64)
         counts = Counter(samples_array)
         # Convert counts to binary strings
         result = {
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index ff7e5eb..be81d87 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -38,19 +38,16 @@ Repository = "https://gitee.com/cq-lib/cqlib"
 Issues = "https://gitee.com/cq-lib/cqlib/issues"
 
 [build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel", 'delocate', "poetry-core", 'numpy>=2.1.2', 'pipx']
+requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel", 'delocate', 'pipx']
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [tool.setuptools]
 packages = ["cqlib"]
 
-[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
-version = { file = "cqlib/VERSION.txt" }
-dependencies = {file = "requirements.txt" }
-
 [tool.cibuildwheel]
 before-all = "uname -a"
 skip = "pp* cp36-* cp37-* cp38-* cp39-* *musllinux*"
+test-command = "python -c \"import cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c\""
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.linux]
 repair-wheel-command = "auditwheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel} && pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
@@ -60,10 +57,11 @@ environment = "MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=12"
 repair-wheel-command = "delocate-wheel -w {dest_dir} -v {wheel} && pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
 
 [tool.cibuildwheel.windows]
+environment = { CC="gcc", CXX="g++" }
 repair-wheel-command = [
     "pip install delvewheel",
     'delvewheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}',
-    "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
+#    "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
 ]
 
 
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 67b4d58..61672a1 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -3,44 +3,54 @@ import platform
 import sys
 import sysconfig
 
-import numpy
-
-from setuptools import setup, Extension, find_packages
-# from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as build_ext_orig
+from setuptools import setup, Extension, find_packages, find_namespace_packages
 from setuptools.command.build_ext import build_ext as build_ext_orig
 
 python_paths = sysconfig.get_paths()
-python_lib_dir = sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBDIR')
+print(f'python_paths: {python_paths}')
+
+library_dirs = []
+py_limited_api = True
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
-    architecture = platform.machine()
-    cibw_arch = os.environ.get('CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS')
-    if cibw_arch == 'AMD64':
-        p = r"C:\Users\runneradmin\.nuget\packages\python\3.10.11\tools\libs"
-    elif cibw_arch == 'arm64':
-        raise SystemError("当前系统是 ARM64 架构，暂不支持")
-    elif cibw_arch == 'x86':
-        p = r"C:\Users\runneradmin\.nuget\packages\pythonx86\3.10.11\tools"
+    v = sys.version_info
+    if v.minor == 10:
+        version = '3.10.11'
+    elif v.minor == 11:
+        version = '3.11.9'
+    elif v.minor == 12:
+        version = '3.12.9'
+    elif v.minor == 13:
+        version = '3.13.2'
     else:
-        raise SystemError(f"未知架构: {architecture}")
+        raise ValueError('不知道的 Python 版本')
 
+    arch = os.getenv('CIBW_ARCHS_WINDOWS', 'AMD64')
+    print(f'arch: {arch}')
+    if arch == 'AMD64':
+        arch = 'x64'
+    python_lib = os.path.join(r'C:\hostedtoolcache\windows\Python', version, arch, 'libs')
+    print(f'python_lib: {python_lib} {os.path.exists(python_lib)} {os.walk(python_lib)}')
     os.environ['CC'] = 'gcc'
     os.environ['LD'] = 'ld'
-    extra_compile_args = ['-fopenmp']
-    extra_link_args = [
-        '-fopenmp',
-        '-lgomp',
-        '-lpython310',
-        f"-L{p}",
-    ]
-
+    extra_compile_args = ['-O3', '-fopenmp', '-static']
+    extra_link_args = ['-static', '-fopenmp', '-Wl,-Bstatic', '-lgomp']
+    library_dirs = [python_lib]
+    py_limited_api = False
 elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
     os.environ['CC'] = 'gcc-14'
     os.environ['MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET'] = '12.0'
     libomp_prefix = os.environ.get('LIBOMP_PREFIX', '/opt/homebrew/opt/libomp')
-    extra_compile_args = ['-fopenmp', f'-I{libomp_prefix}/include']
-    extra_link_args = [f'-L{libomp_prefix}/lib', '-fopenmp',
-                       f'-Wl,-rpath,{libomp_prefix}/lib']
+    extra_compile_args = [
+        '-fopenmp',
+        f'-I{libomp_prefix}/include'
+    ]
+    extra_link_args = [
+        f'-L{libomp_prefix}/lib',
+        '-fopenmp',
+        '-lomp',
+        f'-Wl,-rpath,{libomp_prefix}/lib'
+    ]
     if platform.machine() == 'arm64':
         # 针对 ARM 架构（Apple Silicon）
         extra_compile_args.append('-march=armv8-a')
@@ -67,25 +77,25 @@ ext_modules = [
         include_dirs=[
             'cqlib/simulator/c_fusion/include',
             python_paths['include'],
-            numpy.get_include()
         ],
-        library_dirs=[python_paths['platlib']],  # 链接库文件所在目录
+        library_dirs=[python_paths['platlib']] + library_dirs,  # 链接库文件所在目录
         sources=[
             'cqlib/simulator/c_fusion/src/c_fusion.c',
             'cqlib/simulator/c_fusion/src/state_vector.c',
         ],
-        define_macros=[('Py_LIMITED_API', '0x030A0000')],
-        py_limited_api=True,
-        # extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args,
-        extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args + ['-DPy_LIMITED_API=0x030A0000'],
+        define_macros=[('Py_LIMITED_API', '0x030A0000')] if py_limited_api else [],
+        py_limited_api=py_limited_api,
+        extra_compile_args=extra_compile_args + (['-DPy_LIMITED_API=0x030A0000'] if py_limited_api else []),
         extra_link_args=extra_link_args,
     ),
 ]
 
+print(f"find_namespace_packages: {find_namespace_packages(include=['cqlib', 'cqlib.*'])}")
+print(f"find_packages: {find_packages(include=['cqlib', 'cqlib.*'])}")
 setup(
     name='cqlib',
     ext_modules=ext_modules,
-    packages=find_packages(include=['cqlib', 'cqlib.*']),
+    packages=find_namespace_packages(include=['cqlib', 'cqlib.*']),
     package_data={
         'cqlib': ['*'],
     },
@@ -94,7 +104,6 @@ setup(
     exclude_package_data={
         'cqlib.simulator': ['*.c', '*.h'],
     },
-    py_limited_api='3.10',
     cmdclass={'build_ext': CustomBuildExt},
-    options={"bdist_wheel": {"py_limited_api": "cp310"}},
+    options={"bdist_wheel": {"py_limited_api": "cp310"} if py_limited_api else {}},
 )
-- 
Gitee


From cee1d90cb7dde4e800f6cc0766b81fa321ba1ad7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2025 10:28:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/30] fix: add tool.setuptools.dynamic

---
 pyproject.toml | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index be81d87..7646509 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ keywords = [
 ]
 dynamic = ["version", "dependencies",]
 
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = { file = "cqlib/VERSION.txt" }
+dependencies = {file = "requirements.txt" }
+
 [project.urls]
 Homepage = "https://qc.zdxlz.com/"
 Documentation = "https://cqlib.readthedocs.io/"
@@ -61,6 +65,7 @@ environment = { CC="gcc", CXX="g++" }
 repair-wheel-command = [
     "pip install delvewheel",
     'delvewheel repair -w {dest_dir} {wheel}',
+# windows 上不使用 abi3，而是每个 Python 版本打包一个 wheel 文件
 #    "pipx run abi3audit --strict --report {wheel}"
 ]
 
-- 
Gitee


From 535baf3b96ffebb06bba61bf6c22ca47f5e2feff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 16:29:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/30] add statevector sim memory recycling testcase

---
 cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py |  3 +-
 requirements-dev.txt                     |  3 +-
 tests/simulator/test_statevector_sim.py  | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py b/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
index 3816a08..97539c3 100644
--- a/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
+++ b/cqlib/simulator/statevector_simulator.py
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
 from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 from cqlib.simulator.mergy import Gate, merge_gate
-# from cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c import get_measure, get_probs, \
-#     get_sample, get_state
+
 from cqlib.simulator.statevector_simulator_c import get_state, get_probs, get_measure, get_sample
 
 gate_name_map = {
diff --git a/requirements-dev.txt b/requirements-dev.txt
index 5193a70..2fdfbc8 100644
--- a/requirements-dev.txt
+++ b/requirements-dev.txt
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ pytest-html>=4.1.1
 antlr4-tools>=0.2.1
 delocate
 poetry-core
-pipx
\ No newline at end of file
+pipx
+psutil
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/simulator/test_statevector_sim.py b/tests/simulator/test_statevector_sim.py
index 17eec02..7c4dee1 100644
--- a/tests/simulator/test_statevector_sim.py
+++ b/tests/simulator/test_statevector_sim.py
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
 # that they have been altered from the originals.
 
 """Test statevector simulator"""
-
+import gc
 import math
+import os
 
 import numpy as np
+import psutil
 
 from cqlib import Circuit, Parameter
 from cqlib.simulator import StatevectorSimulator
@@ -697,3 +699,39 @@ def test_u():
         '11': 0.67208884 - 0.02346986j
     }
     all_close(state, s1)
+
+
+def test_memory():
+    """test memory recycling"""
+    process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+    initial_mem = process.memory_info().rss
+
+    def run_simulation(num_qubits):
+        c = Circuit(num_qubits)
+        for i in range(num_qubits):
+            c.h(i)
+        c.measure_all()
+
+        sim = StatevectorSimulator(c)
+        state = sim.statevector()
+        return sim, state
+
+    for i in range(10, 21, 2):
+        print(f'\nqubits: {i}')
+        sim, state = run_simulation(i)
+        peak_mem = process.memory_info().rss
+        del sim
+        del state
+        gc.collect()
+        final_mem = process.memory_info().rss
+
+        used_mem = peak_mem - initial_mem
+        remaining_mem = final_mem - initial_mem
+        print(f"initial: {initial_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB")
+        print(f"peak: {peak_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB (+{used_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB)")
+        print(f"released: {final_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB (remain: {remaining_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB)")
+
+        # Allow a maximum of 10 MB of temporary residual data
+        max_allowed_leak = 10 * 1024 * 1024
+        assert remaining_mem < max_allowed_leak, \
+            f"Memory leak detected. Residual memory: {remaining_mem / 1024 / 1024:.2f} MB"
-- 
Gitee


From a7fe290d821a3a8b01a02a4bac3b5acaa6339790 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Tue, 18 Feb 2025 11:21:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/30] change networkx to rustworkx

---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml   |  2 +-
 cqlib/circuits/circuit.py | 30 +++++++------
 cqlib/circuits/dag.py     | 35 ++++++++-------
 requirements.txt          |  3 +-
 tests/circuit/__init__.py | 12 +++++
 tests/circuit/test_dag.py | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 144 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/circuit/test_dag.py

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 587dc46..663002a 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ repos:
     hooks:
       - id: pylint
         name: pylint
-        entry: poetry run pylint
+        entry: pylint
         language: system
         types: [python]
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
index 75f0e52..9a720d7 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Circuit:
         """
         self._qubits: dict[str, Qubit] = self._initialize_qubits(qubits)
         self._parameters: dict[Parameter, Optional[float]] = self._initialize_parameters(parameters)
-        self._instruction_sequence: list[InstructionData] = []
+        self._circuit_data: list[InstructionData] = []
 
     @staticmethod
     def _initialize_parameters(
@@ -111,13 +111,17 @@ class Circuit:
         """Return number of qubits."""
         return len(self._qubits)
 
+    def circuit_data(self):
+        """Circuit data"""
+        return self._circuit_data
+
     def qubits_path(self) -> dict[Qubit, list[InstructionData]]:
         """
         Constructs a path of operations for each qubit.
         """
         path = defaultdict(list)
         max_depths = defaultdict(int)
-        for op in self._instruction_sequence:
+        for op in self._circuit_data:
             instruction = op.instruction
             qubits = op.qubits
             if instruction.num_qubits != len(qubits):
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ class Circuit:
             list[InstructionData]: The sequence of instructions added to the circuit,
                 each represented by an InstructionData object.
         """
-        return self._instruction_sequence
+        return self._circuit_data
 
     def insert(self, instruction: Instruction, qubits: Qubits, index: int = None):
         """
@@ -210,14 +214,14 @@ class Circuit:
         """
         instruction, qubits = self._prepare_instruction(instruction, qubits)
         if index is None:
-            index = len(self._instruction_sequence)
+            index = len(self._circuit_data)
         elif not isinstance(index, int):
             raise TypeError("Index must be an integer or None.")
-        elif index < 0 or index > len(self._instruction_sequence):
+        elif index < 0 or index > len(self._circuit_data):
             raise ValueError(f"Index {index} out of bounds for instructions list of length "
-                             f"{len(self._instruction_sequence)}.")
+                             f"{len(self._circuit_data)}.")
 
-        self._instruction_sequence.insert(
+        self._circuit_data.insert(
             index,
             InstructionData(instruction=instruction, qubits=qubits)
         )
@@ -231,7 +235,7 @@ class Circuit:
             qubits (Qubits): The qubit(s) to which the instruction is applied.
         """
         instruction, qubits = self._prepare_instruction(instruction, qubits)
-        self._instruction_sequence.append(InstructionData(instruction=instruction, qubits=qubits))
+        self._circuit_data.append(InstructionData(instruction=instruction, qubits=qubits))
 
     def append_instruction_data(self, instruction_data: InstructionData):
         """
@@ -240,7 +244,7 @@ class Circuit:
         Args:
             instruction_data (InstructionData): The instruction_data to be appended.
         """
-        self._instruction_sequence.append(instruction_data)
+        self._circuit_data.append(instruction_data)
 
     def _prepare_instruction(self, instruction: Instruction, qubits: Qubits):
         """
@@ -646,7 +650,7 @@ class Circuit:
         Measures all qubits in the circuit that have not yet been measured.
         """
         measured_qubits = set()
-        for ins in self._instruction_sequence:
+        for ins in self._circuit_data:
             if isinstance(ins.instruction, Measure):
                 for qubit in ins.qubits:
                     measured_qubits.add(qubit)
@@ -739,7 +743,7 @@ class Circuit:
         """
         Generates a qcis string of all instructions in the circuit.
         """
-        return self._export_circuit_str(self._instruction_sequence, True, self._parameters)
+        return self._export_circuit_str(self._circuit_data, True, self._parameters)
 
     def as_str(self, qcis_compliant: bool = False):
         """
@@ -750,7 +754,7 @@ class Circuit:
              if False, it will retain the original format with composite gates.
         """
         params = self._parameters
-        return self._export_circuit_str(self._instruction_sequence, qcis_compliant, params)
+        return self._export_circuit_str(self._circuit_data, qcis_compliant, params)
 
     @classmethod
     def _export_circuit_str(
@@ -931,6 +935,6 @@ class Circuit:
         Copy the circuit.
         """
         circuit = Circuit(qubits=self.qubits, parameters=self.parameters)
-        for item in self._instruction_sequence:
+        for item in self._circuit_data:
             circuit.append(item.instruction.copy(), qubits=item.qubits)
         return circuit
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/dag.py b/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
index f25c93d..6682172 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@
 
 """Circuits as Directed Acyclic Graphs."""
 
-import networkx as nx
-
+# pylint: disable=E0611
+from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, topological_sort, DAGHasCycle
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
 from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 
 
-def circuit_to_dag(circuit: Circuit) -> nx.DiGraph:
+def circuit_to_dag(circuit: Circuit) -> PyDiGraph:
     """
     Convert a quantum circuit into a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG).
 
@@ -35,22 +36,24 @@ def circuit_to_dag(circuit: Circuit) -> nx.DiGraph:
     Returns:
         nx.DiGraph: The directed acyclic graph representation of the circuit.
     """
-    dag = nx.DiGraph()
+    dag = PyDiGraph(check_cycle=True)
     qubit_last_nodes = {}
-
+    node_ids = {}
     for op in circuit.instruction_sequence:
         if not isinstance(op, InstructionData):
             raise TypeError(f"{op} must be instance of InstructionData")
-        dag.add_node(op, label=str(op))
+        node_id = dag.add_node(op)
+        node_ids[op] = node_id
         for qubit in op.qubits:
             if qubit in qubit_last_nodes:
-                dag.add_edge(qubit_last_nodes[qubit], op)
+                last_node = qubit_last_nodes[qubit]
+                dag.add_edge(node_ids[last_node], node_id, f'{last_node}-{op}')
             qubit_last_nodes[qubit] = op
 
     return dag
 
 
-def dag_to_circuit(dag: nx.DiGraph) -> Circuit:
+def dag_to_circuit(dag: PyDiGraph) -> Circuit:
     """
     Converts a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) back into a quantum circuit.
     The DAG is expected to have nodes representing quantum operations
@@ -63,15 +66,17 @@ def dag_to_circuit(dag: nx.DiGraph) -> Circuit:
     Returns:
         Circuit: A quantum circuit reconstructed from the DAG.
     """
-    if not nx.is_directed_acyclic_graph(dag):
-        raise ValueError("The provided graph must be acyclic to form a valid quantum circuit.")
-
+    try:
+        topological_order = topological_sort(dag)
+    except DAGHasCycle as e:
+        raise CqlibError("The provided graph must be acyclic to form a valid"
+                         " quantum circuit.")  from e
     circuit = Circuit(0)
-    topological_order: list[InstructionData] = list(nx.topological_sort(dag))
-
-    for node in topological_order:
+    nodes = dag.nodes()
+    for index in topological_order:
+        node = nodes[index]
         if not isinstance(node, InstructionData):
-            raise ValueError(f"{node} in the DAG must be instance of InstructionData")
+            raise CqlibError(f"{node} in the DAG must be instance of InstructionData")
         for qubit in node.qubits:
             if qubit not in circuit.qubits:
                 circuit.add_qubit(qubit)
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 11f026e..07f6331 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ requests>=2.31.0
 sympy>=1.12.0
 tabulate>=0.9.0
 openqasm3[parser]>=1.0.0
-antlr4-python3-runtime>=4.13.2
\ No newline at end of file
+antlr4-python3-runtime>=4.13.2
+rustworkx>=0.16.0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/circuit/__init__.py b/tests/circuit/__init__.py
index e69de29..c32c814 100644
--- a/tests/circuit/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/circuit/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
diff --git a/tests/circuit/test_dag.py b/tests/circuit/test_dag.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fda2af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/circuit/test_dag.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" Test DAG Circuit """
+import pytest
+# pylint: disable=E0611
+from rustworkx import PyDiGraph
+
+from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
+from cqlib.circuits.gates import H, CX
+from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
+from cqlib.circuits.dag import circuit_to_dag, dag_to_circuit
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+
+
+class TestCircuitToDAG:
+    """test Circuit object to dag"""
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """ basic """
+        circuit = Circuit(0)
+        dag = circuit_to_dag(circuit)
+        assert len(dag.nodes()) == 0
+
+        circuit = Circuit(2)
+        circuit.h(0)
+        circuit.h(1)
+        circuit.cx(0, 1)
+        dag = circuit_to_dag(circuit)
+        assert str(dag.nodes()) == '[H Q0, H Q1, CX Q0 Q1]'
+        assert str(dag.edges()) == "['H Q0-CX Q0 Q1', 'H Q1-CX Q0 Q1']"
+
+    def test_same_ins(self):
+        """ test same instruction """
+        circuit = Circuit(3)
+        circuit.h(0)
+        circuit.h(1)
+        circuit.h(0)
+        circuit.h(1)
+        circuit.cx(0, 1)
+        circuit.measure_all()
+        dag = circuit_to_dag(circuit)
+        assert len(dag.nodes()) == 8
+        assert len(dag.edges()) == 6
+        assert str(dag.nodes()) == '[H Q0, H Q1, H Q0, H Q1, CX Q0 Q1, M Q0, M Q1, M Q2]'
+        assert str(dag.edges()) == ("['H Q0-H Q0', 'H Q1-H Q1', 'H Q0-CX Q0 Q1', "
+                                    "'H Q1-CX Q0 Q1', 'CX Q0 Q1-M Q0', 'CX Q0 Q1-M Q1']")
+
+
+class TestDAGToCircuit:
+    """test dag to Circuit object """
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        """ basic """
+        dag = PyDiGraph(check_cycle=True)
+        h0 = dag.add_node(InstructionData(H(), [Qubit(0)]))
+        h1 = dag.add_node(InstructionData(H(), [Qubit(1)]))
+        cx_0_1 = dag.add_node(InstructionData(CX(), [Qubit(1), Qubit(0)]))
+        dag.add_edge(h0, cx_0_1, edge='e1')
+        dag.add_edge(h1, cx_0_1, edge='e2')
+
+        circuit = dag_to_circuit(dag)
+
+        assert len(circuit.qubits) == 2
+        assert set(circuit.qubits) == {Qubit(0), Qubit(1)}
+        assert len(circuit.circuit_data()) == 3
+        assert circuit.as_str() == 'H Q1\nH Q0\nCX Q1 Q0'
+
+    def test_cycle_error(self):
+        """
+        test cycle graph error
+        """
+        dag = PyDiGraph()
+        h0 = dag.add_node(InstructionData(H(), [Qubit(0)]))
+        cx_0_1 = dag.add_node(InstructionData(CX(), [Qubit(1), Qubit(0)]))
+        dag.add_edge(h0, cx_0_1, edge='e1')
+        dag.add_edge(cx_0_1, h0, edge='e2')
+
+        with pytest.raises(CqlibError) as exc_info:
+            dag_to_circuit(dag)
+        assert "The provided graph must be acyclic to form a valid" in str(exc_info.value)
-- 
Gitee


From c5afabd834c7dcc7946f286d277c33376f13b412 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:44:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/30] feat(cqlib/circuits/dag.py): Add topological_layers
 function and improve node retrieval

---
 cqlib/circuits/dag.py | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/dag.py b/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
index 6682172..9484d33 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/dag.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 """Circuits as Directed Acyclic Graphs."""
 
 # pylint: disable=E0611
-from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, topological_sort, DAGHasCycle
+from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, topological_sort, DAGHasCycle, NodeIndices
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
 from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ def dag_to_circuit(dag: PyDiGraph) -> Circuit:
         raise CqlibError("The provided graph must be acyclic to form a valid"
                          " quantum circuit.")  from e
     circuit = Circuit(0)
-    nodes = dag.nodes()
+
     for index in topological_order:
-        node = nodes[index]
+        node = dag.get_node_data(index)
         if not isinstance(node, InstructionData):
             raise CqlibError(f"{node} in the DAG must be instance of InstructionData")
         for qubit in node.qubits:
@@ -86,3 +86,34 @@ def dag_to_circuit(dag: PyDiGraph) -> Circuit:
         circuit.append_instruction_data(node)
 
     return circuit
+
+
+def topological_layers(graph: PyDiGraph) -> list[list[NodeIndices | int]]:
+    """
+    Perform topological sorting to decompose a directed acyclic graph
+    (DAG) into layers of nodes.
+
+    This function implements a Kahn's algorithm-based approach to determine
+    the hierarchical layers of nodes in a DAG. Each layer contains nodes that
+    can be processed simultaneously in dependency resolution scenarios.
+
+    Args:
+        graph (PyDiGraph): The input directed acyclic graph represented as
+            a `PyDiGraph` object from the `rustworkx` library.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[list[NodeIndices]]: A list of lists where each inner list represents
+            a layer of node IDs.
+    """
+    node_in_degree = {node: graph.in_degree(node) for node in graph.node_indices()}
+    front_layer = [node_id for node_id, in_degree in node_in_degree.items() if in_degree == 0]
+
+    while front_layer:
+        yield front_layer
+        next_layer = []
+        for node_id in front_layer:
+            for successor in graph.successor_indices(node_id):
+                node_in_degree[successor] -= 1
+                if node_in_degree[successor] == 0:
+                    next_layer.append(successor)
+        front_layer = next_layer
-- 
Gitee


From bda39b153e0b5b9a8d7de5ea43da904104dfd72f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 13:49:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/30] refactor(cqlib/circuits/gates): Update controlled gate
 initialization, add `control_index` and `base_gate`.

---
 cqlib/circuits/gates/gate.py | 11 ++++++++++-
 cqlib/circuits/gates/rx.py   |  9 ++++++++-
 cqlib/circuits/gates/ry.py   |  9 ++++++++-
 cqlib/circuits/gates/rz.py   |  9 ++++++++-
 cqlib/circuits/gates/x.py    | 12 ++++++++++--
 cqlib/circuits/gates/y.py    |  3 ++-
 cqlib/circuits/gates/z.py    |  3 ++-
 7 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/gate.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/gate.py
index 9ee30b0..36c5445 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/gate.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/gate.py
@@ -66,11 +66,13 @@ class ControlledGate(Gate):
     This class represents a quantum gate that has control qubits in addition to target qubits.
     """
 
-    # pylint: disable=useless-parent-delegation
+    # pylint: disable=useless-parent-delegation,too-many-arguments,too-many-positional-arguments
     def __init__(
             self,
             name: str,
             num_qubits: int,
+            control_index: list[int],
+            base_gate: Gate,
             params: List[Union[Parameter, float, complex]],
             label: Optional[str] = None
     ):
@@ -80,10 +82,17 @@ class ControlledGate(Gate):
         Args:
             name (str): The name of the controlled gate.
             num_qubits (int): The number of qubits the gate acts on.
+            control_index (list[int]): A list of indices specifying the control qubits
+                for the gate. Each index represents a qubit within the range of
+                `[0, num_qubits - 1]` that acts as a control for the gate operation.
+            base_gate (Gate): Gate object to be controlled.
             params (list[Parameter | float | complex]): A list of parameters for the gate.
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the gate. Defaults to None.
         """
         super().__init__(name, num_qubits, params, label)
+        self.control_index = control_index
+        self.base_gate = base_gate
+        assert all(map(lambda s: s < self.num_qubits, self.control_index))
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=None):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/rx.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/rx.py
index 30ee91d..3834942 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/rx.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/rx.py
@@ -76,7 +76,14 @@ class CRX(ControlledGate):
             theta (float | Parameter): The rotation angle in radians around the X-axis.
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CRX gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CRX', 2, [theta], label=label)
+        super().__init__(
+            'CRX',
+            2,
+            control_index=[0],
+            base_gate=RX(theta),
+            params=[theta],
+            label=label
+        )
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/ry.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/ry.py
index ed57070..e2a02ff 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/ry.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/ry.py
@@ -75,7 +75,14 @@ class CRY(ControlledGate):
             theta (float | Parameter): The rotation angle in radians around the Y-axis.
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CRY gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CRY', 2, [theta], label=label)
+        super().__init__(
+            'CRY',
+            2,
+            control_index=[0],
+            base_gate=RY(theta),
+            params=[theta],
+            label=label
+        )
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/rz.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/rz.py
index 5769a5f..bc05321 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/rz.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/rz.py
@@ -75,7 +75,14 @@ class CRZ(ControlledGate):
             theta (float | Parameter): The rotation angle in radians around the Z-axis.
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CRZ gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CRZ', 2, [theta], label=label)
+        super().__init__(
+            'CRZ',
+            2,
+            control_index=[0],
+            base_gate=RZ(theta),
+            params=[theta],
+            label=label
+        )
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/x.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/x.py
index fed8c13..e14df5c 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/x.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/x.py
@@ -89,7 +89,14 @@ class CX(ControlledGate):
         Args:
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CX gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CX', 2, [], label=label)
+        super().__init__(
+            'CX',
+            2,
+            control_index=[0],
+            base_gate=X(),
+            params=[],
+            label=label
+        )
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
@@ -165,7 +172,8 @@ class CCX(ControlledGate):
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CCX gate.
                 Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CCX', 3, [], label=label)
+        super().__init__('CCX', 3, control_index=[0, 1],
+                         base_gate=X(), params=[], label=label)
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/y.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/y.py
index e07778f..ccb1cf1 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/y.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/y.py
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ class CY(ControlledGate):
         Args:
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CY gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CY', 2, [], label=label)
+        super().__init__('CY', 2, control_index=[0],
+                         base_gate=Y(), params=[], label=label)
 
     def __array__(self, dtype: np.dtype = np.complex128):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/gates/z.py b/cqlib/circuits/gates/z.py
index ee71a3c..a501871 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/gates/z.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/gates/z.py
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ class CZ(ControlledGate):
         Args:
             label (str | None, optional): An optional label for the CZ gate. Defaults to None.
         """
-        super().__init__('CZ', 2, [], label=label)
+        super().__init__('CZ', 2, control_index=[0],
+                         base_gate=Z(), params=[], label=label)
 
     def __array__(self, dtype=np.complex128):
         """
-- 
Gitee


From f3a2f226ee8e9459817d694c205c4c6cbd8d4372 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 14:08:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/30] test(circuit): Improve commutation test robustness,
 Replace networkx with rustworkx.

---
 cqlib/circuits/commutation/circuit_commutate.py | 14 +++++++++-----
 tests/circuit/test_commutation.py               |  6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/commutation/circuit_commutate.py b/cqlib/circuits/commutation/circuit_commutate.py
index 186cfc3..5da33e8 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/commutation/circuit_commutate.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/commutation/circuit_commutate.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 """ Quantum circuit commutation checker """
 
-import networkx as nx
+from rustworkx.rustworkx import topological_sort
 
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ from .commutation import check_commutation
 from ._gates_commutations import gates_commutations
 
 
-def circuit_commutator(circuit: Circuit, use_cache: bool = True, cache_commutations: dict = None) \
-        -> list[tuple[InstructionData, InstructionData]]:
+def circuit_commutator(
+        circuit: Circuit,
+        use_cache: bool = True,
+        cache_commutations: dict = None
+) -> list[tuple[InstructionData, InstructionData]]:
     """
     Check whether there is a commutation relationship between
     consecutive instructions in the circuit.
@@ -42,8 +45,9 @@ def circuit_commutator(circuit: Circuit, use_cache: bool = True, cache_commutati
         cache_commutations = gates_commutations
     dag = circuit_to_dag(circuit)
     data = []
-    for node in nx.topological_sort(dag):
-        for next_node in dag[node]:
+    for node_idx in topological_sort(dag):
+        node = dag.get_node_data(node_idx)
+        for next_node in dag.successors(node_idx):
             if use_cache:
                 res = query_commute(node, next_node, cache_commutations)
                 if res is not None:
diff --git a/tests/circuit/test_commutation.py b/tests/circuit/test_commutation.py
index da0414c..d87ba55 100644
--- a/tests/circuit/test_commutation.py
+++ b/tests/circuit/test_commutation.py
@@ -153,8 +153,10 @@ M Q1
 M Q2"""
     c1 = Circuit.load(qcis)
     data = circuit_commutator(c1)
-    res = '[(CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2), (H Q2, H Q2), (CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2), (CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2)]'
-    assert str(data) == res
+    res = ['(CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2)', '(H Q2, H Q2)', '(CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2)', '(CZ Q0 Q1, CZ Q1 Q2)']
+    assert len(data) == len(res)
+    for item in data:
+        assert str(item) in res
 
 
 # pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
-- 
Gitee


From a12a48d99e59edf885891304262a1474a80720b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 16:56:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/30] feat(visualization/circuit): Add base and text drawer
 for circuit visualization

---
 cqlib/visualization/__init__.py         |   3 +-
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/__init__.py |  23 +++
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py     | 139 ++++++++++++++
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py     | 234 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 398 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/visualization/circuit/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py

diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/__init__.py b/cqlib/visualization/__init__.py
index 2bc382b..361407e 100644
--- a/cqlib/visualization/__init__.py
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/__init__.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 visualization module defines methods to visualize qcis circuits and plotting experiment results.
 """
 
-from .circuit import draw_circuit
+# from .circuit import draw_circuit
+from .circuit import draw_text
 from .gplot import draw_gplot
 from .result import draw_histogram
diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/__init__.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe04304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Quantum circuit visualization
+"""
+
+from .text import draw_text, TextDrawer
+
+__all__ = [
+    'draw_text',
+    'TextDrawer'
+]
diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e240af0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Quantum circuit visualization
+"""
+
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Iterator
+
+from cqlib import Qubit
+from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
+from cqlib.circuits.dag import circuit_to_dag, topological_layers
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger('cqlib.vis')
+
+
+class BaseDrawer(ABC):
+    """
+    Abstract Quantum circuit Drawer.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, circuit: Circuit, qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None):
+        self.circuit = circuit
+        self.qubit_order = qubit_order
+        self.sorted_qubits = None
+        self.qubit_mapping = None
+
+        self.order_qubits()
+
+    def order_qubits(self):
+        """
+        Determines the display order of qubits and initializes related attributes.
+        Uses specified qubit_order if provided (supplementing with remaining circuit qubits),
+        otherwise sorts qubits by their indices. Initializes:
+        - sorted_qubits: List of qubits in display order
+        - qubit_mapping: Dictionary mapping qubits to display line numbers
+        """
+        if self.qubit_order is None:
+            sorted_qubits = sorted(self.circuit.qubits, key=lambda s: s.index)
+        else:
+            sorted_qubits = [q if isinstance(q, Qubit) else Qubit(q) for q in self.qubit_order]
+            for qubit in self.circuit.qubits:
+                if qubit not in sorted_qubits:
+                    sorted_qubits.append(qubit)
+        self.sorted_qubits = sorted_qubits
+        self.qubit_mapping = {q: i * 2 + 1 for i, q in enumerate(sorted_qubits)}
+
+    def generate_moment(self) -> Iterator[list[InstructionData]]:
+        """
+        Generates an iterator of topological layers (moments) from the circuit DAG.
+        Each moment contains non-overlapping operations that can be executed in parallel.
+
+        Yields:
+            list[InstructionData]: A moment containing parallel-compatible operations
+
+        Raises:
+            CqlibError: If qubit conflicts are detected within a topological layer
+        """
+        dag_circuit = circuit_to_dag(self.circuit)
+        for layer in topological_layers(dag_circuit):
+            moment = []
+            used_qubits = set()
+            for node_id in layer:
+                node: InstructionData = dag_circuit.get_node_data(node_id)
+                if any(q in used_qubits for q in node.qubits):
+                    raise CqlibError(f"Qubit conflict in topological layer: {node.qubits}")
+                used_qubits.update(node.qubits)
+                moment.append(node)
+            yield moment
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def moment_to_columns(moment: list[InstructionData]) -> list[list[InstructionData]]:
+        """
+        Organizes a moment into display columns by analyzing qubit ranges.
+        Operations with overlapping qubit ranges are placed in separate columns.
+
+        Args:
+            moment (list[InstructionData]): A collection of operations from one topological layer
+
+        Returns:
+            list[list[InstructionData]]: Column-based structure for visualization,
+            where each sublist represents a display column
+        """
+
+        qubit_ranges = []
+        qubit_min_to_ins = {}
+        for ins in moment:
+            qubits_index = [q.index for q in ins.qubits]
+            qubit_min_to_ins[min(qubits_index)] = ins
+            qubit_ranges.append([min(qubits_index), max(qubits_index)])
+
+        moment_columns = []
+        for qubit_range in qubit_ranges:
+            min_index, max_index = qubit_range
+            for column in moment_columns:
+                for item in column:
+                    mi, ma = item
+                    if max_index >= mi and min_index <= ma:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    column.append(qubit_range)
+                    break
+            else:
+                moment_columns.append([qubit_range])
+        return [[qubit_min_to_ins[r[0]] for r in col] for col in moment_columns]
+
+    def qubit_line_no(self, qubit: Qubit) -> int:
+        """
+        Retrieves the display line number for a given qubit in the visualization
+
+        Args:
+            qubit (Qubit): Target qubit to query
+
+        Returns:
+            int: Odd-numbered line position corresponding to the qubit's display order
+        """
+        return self.qubit_mapping[qubit]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def drawer(self) -> str:
+        """ start draw lines"""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def draw_column(self, column: list[InstructionData]) -> list[list[str]]:
+        """ draw column lines"""
diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e0126a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Text-based quantum circuit visualization module
+
+Provides ASCII/Unicode art representation of quantum circuits using box-drawing characters.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from enum import Enum
+
+from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
+from cqlib.circuits.gates import SWAP, CZ
+from cqlib.circuits.barrier import Barrier
+from cqlib.circuits.gates.gate import ControlledGate
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
+from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
+
+from .base import BaseDrawer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger('cqlib.vis')
+
+
+class BoxChar(str, Enum):
+    """
+    Unicode box-drawing characters collection for circuit visualization
+    """
+    TOP = '╵'
+    BOTTOM = '╷'
+    LEFT = '╴'
+    RIGHT = '╶'
+    TOP_BOTTOM = '│'
+    LEFT_RIGHT = '─'
+
+    TOP_LEFT = '┘'
+    TOP_RIGHT = '└'
+    BOTTOM_LEFT = '┐'
+    BOTTOM_RIGHT = '┌'
+
+    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT = '┤'
+    TOP_BOTTOM_RIGHT = '├'
+    TOP_LEFT_RIGHT = '┴'
+    BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┬'
+    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┼'
+
+    DOT = '■'
+    CONNECT = 'X'
+
+
+class TextDrawer(BaseDrawer):
+    """
+    Renders quantum circuits as text diagrams using box-drawing characters
+    """
+
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
+    def drawer(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Main entry point for circuit visualization
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Complete ASCII representation of the circuit
+        """
+        lines = []
+        qubit_len = max(len(str(q.index)) for q in self.sorted_qubits)
+        empty_line = ' ' * (qubit_len + 6)
+
+        # qubits
+        for qubit in self.sorted_qubits:
+            lines.extend([
+                [empty_line],
+                [''.join([' ', f'Q{qubit.index}'.rjust(qubit_len + 1),
+                          ': ', BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * 2])]
+            ])
+        lines.append([empty_line])
+
+        # instructions
+        for moment in self.generate_moment():
+            # before moment, add one symbol
+            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+                line.append(BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT if i % 2 == 1 else ' ')
+
+            # drawer one moment, maybe multi columns
+            columns = self.moment_to_columns(moment)
+            for column in columns:
+                column_lines = self.draw_column(column)
+                for line_i, line in enumerate(column_lines):
+                    lines[line_i].extend(line)
+
+            # after moment, add one symbol
+            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+                line.append(BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT if i % 2 == 1 else ' ')
+
+            # mark many column as one moment
+            col_len = len(columns)
+            if col_len > 1:
+                top = [BoxChar.BOTTOM_RIGHT]
+                bottom = [BoxChar.TOP_RIGHT]
+                for i in range(col_len):
+                    old = lines[0][-col_len - 1 + i]
+                    s = BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * len(old)
+                    top.append(s)
+                    bottom.append(s)
+                top.append(BoxChar.BOTTOM_LEFT)
+                bottom.append(BoxChar.TOP_LEFT)
+                lines[0][-col_len - 2:] = top
+                lines[-1][-col_len - 2:] = bottom
+        return '\n'.join([''.join(l) for l in lines])
+
+    def draw_column(self, column: list[InstructionData]):
+        """
+        Processes a vertical column of parallel operations
+
+        Args:
+            column: Group of non-overlapping operations from the same moment
+
+        Returns:
+            list: Formatted lines ready for insertion into main drawing
+        """
+        max_width = 1
+
+        # container
+        lines = [[] for _ in range(len(self.sorted_qubits) * 2 + 1)]
+        # draw every InstructionData
+        for ins in column:
+            match len(ins.qubits):
+                case 1:
+                    lines = self.draw_single_gate(ins, lines)
+                case _:
+                    lines = self.draw_multi_gate(ins, lines)
+        # calculate max width
+        for line in lines:
+            for s in line:
+                max_width = max(max_width, len(s))
+        # fit max width
+        empty_line = ' ' * max_width
+        left_right_line = BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * max_width
+        for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+            if i % 2 == 0:
+                if line:
+                    lines[i] = [line[0].center(max_width)]
+                else:
+                    lines[i].append(empty_line)
+            else:
+                if line:
+                    lines[i] = [line[0].center(max_width, BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT)]
+                else:
+                    lines[i].append(left_right_line)
+
+        return lines
+
+    def draw_single_gate(self, ins: InstructionData, lines: list[list[str]]):
+        """
+        Handles single-qubit gate visualization
+
+        Args:
+            ins: Gate instruction to render
+            lines: Current drawing lines state
+
+        Returns:
+            Updated lines with gate symbol placed on target qubit line
+        """
+        lines[self.qubit_line_no(ins.qubits[0])].append(str(ins.instruction))
+        return lines
+
+    def draw_multi_gate(self, ins: InstructionData, lines: list[list[str]]):
+        """
+        Visualizes multi-qubit operations with vertical connections
+
+        Special cases:
+        - SWAP: Uses 'X' connection symbols
+        - CZ: Uses solid dots
+        - Barriers: Vertical lines spanning involved qubits
+        - Controlled gates: Differentiates control/target qubits
+
+        Args:
+            ins: Multi-qubit instruction to render
+            lines: Current drawing lines state
+
+        Returns:
+            Updated lines with gate symbols and connection lines
+        """
+        if isinstance(ins.instruction, SWAP):
+            lines[self.qubit_line_no(ins.qubits[0])].append(BoxChar.CONNECT)
+            lines[self.qubit_line_no(ins.qubits[1])].append(BoxChar.CONNECT)
+        elif isinstance(ins.instruction, CZ):
+            lines[self.qubit_line_no(ins.qubits[0])].append(BoxChar.DOT)
+            lines[self.qubit_line_no(ins.qubits[1])].append(BoxChar.DOT)
+        elif isinstance(ins.instruction, Barrier):
+            for qubit in ins.qubits:
+                idx = self.qubit_line_no(qubit)
+                if idx not in (1, len(lines) - 1):
+                    lines[idx - 1].append(BoxChar.TOP_BOTTOM)
+                lines[idx].append(BoxChar.TOP_BOTTOM)
+            # Barrier, No vertical connections required
+            return lines
+        elif isinstance(ins.instruction, ControlledGate):
+            for index, qubit in enumerate(ins.qubits):
+                s = BoxChar.DOT if index in ins.instruction.control_index \
+                    else str(ins.instruction.base_gate)
+                lines[self.qubit_line_no(qubit)].append(s)
+
+        # add connect vertical line
+        qubit_index = [self.qubit_line_no(q) for q in ins.qubits]
+        min_index, max_index = min(qubit_index), max(qubit_index)
+        for idx in range(min_index + 1, max_index):
+            lines[idx].append(BoxChar.TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT if idx % 2 == 1
+                              else BoxChar.TOP_BOTTOM)
+
+        return lines
+
+
+def draw_text(circuit: Circuit, qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None):
+    """
+    Quick-access function for text circuit visualization
+
+    Args:
+        circuit: Quantum circuit to visualize
+        qubit_order: Optional custom qubit arrangement
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Ready-to-print circuit diagram
+    """
+    return TextDrawer(circuit, qubit_order).drawer()
-- 
Gitee


From 66f5ab31d43a60dfc0ba9705daffd79baffdb338 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 19:28:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/30] feat(cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py): Add line
 width handling and improve text drawer

---
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py | 146 ++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
index 3e0126a..85bfb7c 100644
--- a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@ Text-based quantum circuit visualization module
 
 Provides ASCII/Unicode art representation of quantum circuits using box-drawing characters.
 """
-
+import copy
 import logging
+import shutil
 from enum import Enum
 
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
@@ -56,66 +57,130 @@ class BoxChar(str, Enum):
 
     DOT = '■'
     CONNECT = 'X'
+    LEFT_ARROW = '«'
+    RIGHT_ARROW = '»'
 
 
 class TextDrawer(BaseDrawer):
     """
     Renders quantum circuits as text diagrams using box-drawing characters
     """
+    MIN_LINE_WIDTH = 10
+    DEFAULT_LINE_WIDTH = 30
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            circuit: Circuit,
+            qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None,
+            line_width: int = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialization Parameters
+
+        Args:
+            circuit (Circuit): Quantum circuit to visualize
+            qubit_order (list[int | Qubit]): Custom ordering of qubits (optional)
+            line_width (int): Force specific output width (default: auto-detect terminal width)
+        """
+        super().__init__(circuit, qubit_order)
+        self.line_width = line_width
 
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
     def drawer(self) -> str:
         """
-        Main entry point for circuit visualization
+        Generates the complete text-based circuit diagram.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Full circuit representation characters.
+        """
+        max_line_width = self.get_line_width()
+        lines = self.make_lines()
+        data = []
+        lines_count = len(self.sorted_qubits) * 2 + 1
+        start_qubits = copy.deepcopy(lines[0])
+        current_data = [lines[0][i] for i in range(lines_count)]
+        current_width = 0
+        for moment in lines[1:]:
+
+            moment_len = len(''.join(moment[0]))
+            if moment_len + current_width > max_line_width:
+                data.append(current_data)
+                for d in current_data:
+                    d.append(BoxChar.RIGHT_ARROW)
+                current_data = []
+                for i in range(lines_count):
+                    s = [BoxChar.LEFT_ARROW]
+                    s.extend(start_qubits[i])
+                    current_data.append(s)
+                current_width = 0
+            for i, line in enumerate(moment):
+                current_data[i].extend(line)
+            current_width += moment_len
+        data.append(current_data)
+        t = []
+        for lines in data:
+            for line in lines:
+                t.extend(line)
+                t.append('\n')
+            t.append('\n')
+        return ''.join(t)
+
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
+    def make_lines(self) -> list[list[list[str]]]:
+        """
+        Constructs the circuit visualization line structure.
+
+        Builds a 3-level nested list representing the circuit layout:
+        - Outer list: Moments (vertical slices of parallel operations)
+        - Middle list: Text lines per moment (including qubit labels and connections)
+        - Inner list: Character sequences for each line segment
 
         Returns:
-            str: Complete ASCII representation of the circuit
+            List of moments, each containing lists of text lines with box characters.
+            Structure details:
+            - Even indices: Spacer lines between qubits
+            - Odd indices: Qubit lines with labels and gate symbols
+            - First element: Initial qubit label headers
+            - Subsequent elements: Circuit moments with gate representations
         """
         lines = []
         qubit_len = max(len(str(q.index)) for q in self.sorted_qubits)
         empty_line = ' ' * (qubit_len + 6)
-
+        lines_count = len(self.sorted_qubits) * 2 + 1
         # qubits
+        start_lines = []
         for qubit in self.sorted_qubits:
-            lines.extend([
+            start_lines.extend([
                 [empty_line],
                 [''.join([' ', f'Q{qubit.index}'.rjust(qubit_len + 1),
                           ': ', BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * 2])]
             ])
-        lines.append([empty_line])
+        start_lines.append([empty_line])
+        lines.append(start_lines)
 
         # instructions
         for moment in self.generate_moment():
             # before moment, add one symbol
-            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
-                line.append(BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT if i % 2 == 1 else ' ')
+            moment_lines = [[BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT if i % 2 == 1 else ' '] for i in range(lines_count)]
 
             # drawer one moment, maybe multi columns
             columns = self.moment_to_columns(moment)
             for column in columns:
                 column_lines = self.draw_column(column)
                 for line_i, line in enumerate(column_lines):
-                    lines[line_i].extend(line)
+                    moment_lines[line_i].extend(line)
 
             # after moment, add one symbol
-            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+            for i, line in enumerate(moment_lines):
                 line.append(BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT if i % 2 == 1 else ' ')
 
             # mark many column as one moment
             col_len = len(columns)
             if col_len > 1:
-                top = [BoxChar.BOTTOM_RIGHT]
-                bottom = [BoxChar.TOP_RIGHT]
-                for i in range(col_len):
-                    old = lines[0][-col_len - 1 + i]
-                    s = BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * len(old)
-                    top.append(s)
-                    bottom.append(s)
-                top.append(BoxChar.BOTTOM_LEFT)
-                bottom.append(BoxChar.TOP_LEFT)
-                lines[0][-col_len - 2:] = top
-                lines[-1][-col_len - 2:] = bottom
-        return '\n'.join([''.join(l) for l in lines])
+                s = BoxChar.LEFT_RIGHT * (len(''.join(moment_lines[0])) - 2)
+                moment_lines[0] = [BoxChar.BOTTOM_RIGHT, s, BoxChar.BOTTOM_LEFT]
+                moment_lines[-1] = [BoxChar.TOP_RIGHT, s, BoxChar.TOP_LEFT]
+            lines.append(moment_lines)
+        return lines
 
     def draw_column(self, column: list[InstructionData]):
         """
@@ -219,16 +284,41 @@ class TextDrawer(BaseDrawer):
 
         return lines
 
+    def get_line_width(self):
+        """
+        Determines the effective display width for circuit rendering.
+
+        Priority order for width determination:
+        1. User-specified line_width (if > MIN_LINE_WIDTH)
+        2. Current terminal width
+        3. DEFAULT_LINE_WIDTH fallback
 
-def draw_text(circuit: Circuit, qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None):
+        Returns:
+            int: display width in characters.
+        """
+        if self.line_width and self.line_width > self.MIN_LINE_WIDTH:
+            return self.line_width
+        # try to get terminal size
+        width, _ = shutil.get_terminal_size()
+        if not width:
+            width = self.DEFAULT_LINE_WIDTH
+        return width
+
+
+def draw_text(
+        circuit: Circuit,
+        qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None,
+        line_width: int = None,
+):
     """
-    Quick-access function for text circuit visualization
+    Quick-access function for text circuit visualization.
 
     Args:
-        circuit: Quantum circuit to visualize
-        qubit_order: Optional custom qubit arrangement
+        circuit (Circuit): Quantum circuit to visualize
+        qubit_order (list[int | Qubit]): Optional custom qubit arrangement
+        line_width (int):
 
     Returns:
         str: Ready-to-print circuit diagram
     """
-    return TextDrawer(circuit, qubit_order).drawer()
+    return TextDrawer(circuit, qubit_order, line_width).drawer()
-- 
Gitee


From 9ec663d353f0f4e2c74413c57e13da9fd53dcdb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2025 13:48:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/30] feat(cqlib/circuits): Introduce Bit class and inherit
 Qubit from it

---
 cqlib/circuits/bit.py   | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/circuits/qubit.py | 55 +++++---------------------------
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/bit.py

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/bit.py b/cqlib/circuits/bit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a8c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/bit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" quantum bit base class"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+class Bit:
+    """Quantum bit."""
+    __slots__ = ["_index", '_initialized', '_hash']
+
+    def __init__(self, index: int):
+        """
+        Initialize a new Qubit instance.
+
+        Args:
+            index: logical index of the qubit
+        """
+        if index < 0:
+            raise ValueError("Index must be non-negative.")
+        if not hasattr(self, '_initialized'):
+            self._index = index
+            self._hash = None
+            self._initialized = True
+
+    @property
+    def index(self) -> int:
+        """Returns the logical index of the qubit."""
+        return self._index
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.index})"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'Bit{self.index}'
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a reference to the same qubit instance since qubits
+        should be unique.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo=None):
+        return self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Bit) -> bool:
+        """Check equality with another qubit based on the index."""
+        return (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
+                self.index == other.index)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the hash based on the qubit's index, used for collections
+        that depend on hashable items.
+        """
+        if self._hash is None:
+            self._hash = hash(f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._index})")
+        return self._hash
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/qubit.py b/cqlib/circuits/qubit.py
index 7e4fff0..879efa2 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/qubit.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/qubit.py
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import weakref
 
+from .bit import Bit
 
-class Qubit:
+
+class Qubit(Bit):
     """Quantum bit."""
-    __slots__ = ["_index", '_initialized', '_hash', '__weakref__']
-    _cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, 'QuBit']()
+    __slots__ = ["__weakref__"]
+    _cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, 'Qubit']()
 
     def __new__(cls, index: int) -> Qubit:
         """
@@ -36,58 +38,15 @@ class Qubit:
         """
         if index < 0:
             raise ValueError("Qubit index must be non-negative.")
+
         inst = cls._cache.get(index)
         if inst is None:
             inst = super().__new__(cls)
             inst._index = index
             inst._hash = None
+            inst._initialized = True
             cls._cache[index] = inst
         return inst
 
-    def __init__(self, index: int):
-        """
-        Initialize a new Qubit instance.
-
-        Args:
-            index: logical index of the qubit
-        """
-        if not hasattr(self, '_initialized'):
-            self._index = index
-            self._hash = None
-            self._initialized = True
-
-    @property
-    def index(self) -> int:
-        """Returns the logical index of the qubit."""
-        return self._index
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.index})"
-
     def __str__(self):
         return f'Q{self.index}'
-
-    def __copy__(self):
-        """
-        Returns a reference to the same qubit instance since qubits
-        should be unique.
-        """
-        return self
-
-    def __deepcopy__(self, memodict=None):
-        return self
-
-    def __eq__(self, other: Qubit) -> bool:
-        """Check equality with another qubit based on the index."""
-        if isinstance(other, Qubit):
-            return self.index == other.index
-        return False
-
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
-        """
-        Return the hash based on the qubit's index, used for collections
-        that depend on hashable items.
-        """
-        if self._hash is None:
-            self._hash = hash(f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._index})")
-        return self._hash
-- 
Gitee


From ea77d96ba799813b3b14a1c06d0687fa3ef6685c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Fri, 21 Feb 2025 15:37:25 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/30] feat(pulse/waveform.py): Add waveform type enumerations
 and parameter classes

---
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py | 200 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a652449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Waveform
+
+This module defines waveform type enumerations and parameter classes
+for generating quantum pulse sequences. It provides a standardized
+interface to configure and validate waveform parameters across different
+waveform types.
+"""
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import IntEnum, unique
+
+
+@unique
+class WaveformType(IntEnum):
+    """
+    Enumeration of supported waveform types for quantum pulse sequences.
+
+    Members:
+        COSINE (0): Cosine-shaped waveform.
+        FLATTOP (1): Flat-top waveform with customizable edge length.
+        SLEPIAN (2): Slepian tapering waveform defined by time-bandwidth
+                     product parameters.
+        NUMERIC (3): Arbitrary numeric waveform specified via sample array.
+    """
+    COSINE = 0
+    FLATTOP = 1
+    SLEPIAN = 2
+    NUMERIC = 3
+
+
+@dataclass
+class WaveformParams:
+    """
+    Base dataclass for waveform parameter validation and string representation.
+
+    Attributes:
+        waveform (WaveformType): Enumerated waveform type.
+        length (int): Total waveform duration (1-1e5).
+        amplitude (float): Normalized signal amplitude (0.0-1.0).
+        phase (float, optional): Phase shift for PXY modulations.
+        drag_alpha (float, optional): Drag coefficient for PXY modulations.
+    """
+    waveform: WaveformType
+    length: int
+    amplitude: float
+    phase: float = None  # PXY only
+    drag_alpha: float = None  # PXY only
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """Performs basic parameter validation."""
+        if not isinstance(self.length, int) or self.length <= 0 or self.length > 1e5:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid length: {self.length}. Must be in [0, 1e5]")
+
+        if not 0.0 <= self.amplitude <= 1.0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid amplitude: {self.amplitude}. Must be in [0, 1]")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        ps = [self.waveform.value, self.length, self.amplitude]
+        if self.phase is not None and self.drag_alpha is not None:
+            ps.extend([self.phase, self.drag_alpha])
+        return ' '.join(map(str, ps))
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CosineParams(WaveformParams):
+    """Cosine波形参数"""
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        self.validate()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{super().__str__()}'
+
+
+@dataclass
+class FlattopParams(WaveformParams):
+    """
+    Specialized parameters for flat-top waveforms with edge control.
+
+    Additional Attributes:
+        edge (int): Length of rising/falling edges (must be < total length/2).
+    """
+    edge: int = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        self.validate()
+        if 2 * self.edge >= self.length:
+            raise ValueError(f"Edge ({self.edge}) too large for length {self.length}")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{super().__str__()} {self.edge}'
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SlepianParams(WaveformParams):
+    """
+    Specialized parameters for slepian waveforms
+
+    Additional Attributes:
+        - thf:
+        - thi:
+        - lam2:
+        - lam3:
+    """
+    thf: float = None
+    thi: float = None
+    lam2: float = None
+    lam3: float = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{super().__str__()} {self.thf} {self.thi} {self.lam2} {self.lam3}'
+
+
+@dataclass
+class NumericParams(WaveformParams):
+    """
+    Specialized parameters for numeric waveforms.
+
+    Additional Attributes:
+        - data: List of floats, Data values must be in [0.0, 1.0],
+                Minimum length of 3 samples;
+    """
+    data: list[float] = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        super().validate()
+        if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.data):
+            raise ValueError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
+        if len(self.data) < 3:
+            raise ValueError("")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{super().__str__()} {" ".join(map(str, self.data))}'
+
+
+# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
+class Waveform:
+    """
+    Factory class for creating waveform parameter objects based on type.
+
+    Usage:
+        Instantiate through static method __new__ with type-specific parameters.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> from cqlib.pulse.waveform import Waveform
+        >>> wave = Waveform(
+        >>>     w_type=WaveformType.COSINE,
+        >>>     length=1000,
+        >>>     amplitude=0.8
+        >>> )
+        >>> print(f'Cosine 波形: {wave}')
+    """
+
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments, too-many-positional-arguments
+    def __new__(cls,
+                w_type: WaveformType,
+                length: int,
+                amplitude: float,
+                phase: float = None,
+                drag_alpha: float = None,
+                **kwargs) -> CosineParams | FlattopParams | SlepianParams | NumericParams:
+        """
+        创建波形参数对象
+
+        :param w_type: 波形类型枚举值
+        :param length: 波形总时长
+        :param amplitude: 幅度
+        :param kwargs: 类型特定参数
+        """
+        param_classes = {
+            WaveformType.COSINE: CosineParams,
+            WaveformType.FLATTOP: FlattopParams,
+            WaveformType.SLEPIAN: SlepianParams,
+            WaveformType.NUMERIC: NumericParams
+        }
+
+        if w_type not in param_classes:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported waveform type: {w_type}")
+
+        return param_classes[w_type](
+            waveform=w_type,
+            length=length,
+            amplitude=amplitude,
+            phase=phase,
+            drag_alpha=drag_alpha,
+            **kwargs
+        )
-- 
Gitee


From 2b430757789a450d1760500770c1ea1e0ad0b6b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 10:17:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/30] fix(waveform.py): Update waveform parameter handling

---
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index a652449..8e36542 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # This code is part of cqlib.
 #
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
 # Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
 #
 # This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ for generating quantum pulse sequences. It provides a standardized
 interface to configure and validate waveform parameters across different
 waveform types.
 """
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import IntEnum, unique
 
@@ -68,22 +69,24 @@ class WaveformParams:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid amplitude: {self.amplitude}. Must be in [0, 1]")
 
     def __str__(self):
+        return ' '.join(map(str, self.data))
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> list[float]:
+        """Data list"""
         ps = [self.waveform.value, self.length, self.amplitude]
         if self.phase is not None and self.drag_alpha is not None:
             ps.extend([self.phase, self.drag_alpha])
-        return ' '.join(map(str, ps))
+        return ps
 
 
 @dataclass
 class CosineParams(WaveformParams):
-    """Cosine波形参数"""
+    """Configuration parameters for cosine-shaped waveforms."""
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         self.validate()
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f'{super().__str__()}'
-
 
 @dataclass
 class FlattopParams(WaveformParams):
@@ -100,8 +103,11 @@ class FlattopParams(WaveformParams):
         if 2 * self.edge >= self.length:
             raise ValueError(f"Edge ({self.edge}) too large for length {self.length}")
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f'{super().__str__()} {self.edge}'
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> list[float]:
+        ps = super().data
+        ps.append(self.edge)
+        return ps
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -120,8 +126,11 @@ class SlepianParams(WaveformParams):
     lam2: float = None
     lam3: float = None
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f'{super().__str__()} {self.thf} {self.thi} {self.lam2} {self.lam3}'
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> list[float]:
+        ps = super().data
+        ps.extend([self.thf, self.thi, self.lam2, self.lam3])
+        return ps
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -130,20 +139,23 @@ class NumericParams(WaveformParams):
     Specialized parameters for numeric waveforms.
 
     Additional Attributes:
-        - data: List of floats, Data values must be in [0.0, 1.0],
+        - params: List of floats, Values must be in [0.0, 1.0],
                 Minimum length of 3 samples;
     """
-    data: list[float] = None
+    params: list[float] = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().validate()
-        if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.data):
+        if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.params):
             raise ValueError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
-        if len(self.data) < 3:
+        if len(self.params) < 3:
             raise ValueError("")
 
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f'{super().__str__()} {" ".join(map(str, self.data))}'
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> list[float]:
+        ps = super().data
+        ps.extend(self.params)
+        return ps
 
 
 # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
-- 
Gitee


From c752816c277b74c6737cef604eb2e59614df2049 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 15:01:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/30] fix(pulse/waveform.py): Improve parameter validation
 and error handling

---
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index 8e36542..ef944e9 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ waveform types.
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import IntEnum, unique
+from math import pi
+
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 
 
 @unique
@@ -63,10 +66,13 @@ class WaveformParams:
     def validate(self):
         """Performs basic parameter validation."""
         if not isinstance(self.length, int) or self.length <= 0 or self.length > 1e5:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid length: {self.length}. Must be in [0, 1e5]")
-
+            raise CqlibError(f"Invalid length: {self.length}. Must be in [0, 1e5]")
         if not 0.0 <= self.amplitude <= 1.0:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid amplitude: {self.amplitude}. Must be in [0, 1]")
+            raise CqlibError(f"Invalid amplitude: {self.amplitude}. Must be in [0, 1]")
+        if self.phase is not None and (self.phase <= -pi or self.phase >= pi):
+            raise CqlibError("The phase value must be within (-pi, pi].")
+        if self.drag_alpha is not None and self.drag_alpha < 0:
+            raise CqlibError("The drag_alpha value must be positive float.")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return ' '.join(map(str, self.data))
@@ -149,7 +155,8 @@ class NumericParams(WaveformParams):
         if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.params):
             raise ValueError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
         if len(self.params) < 3:
-            raise ValueError("")
+            raise ValueError("The numerical list of data pulses is in the form"
+                             " of [d0, d1, ..., dn], and the list length must be >= 3")
 
     @property
     def data(self) -> list[float]:
-- 
Gitee


From 0c4a6a2af7374505fc28797b8cef0f1e4e6de34a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 15:01:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/30] feat(pulse/coupler_qubit.py): Add CouplerQubit class
 for quantum system

---
 cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py b/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42be3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""Coupler Qubit"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import weakref
+
+from cqlib.circuits.bit import Bit
+
+
+class CouplerQubit(Bit):
+    """A class representing a coupled qubit in a quantum system."""
+
+    _cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, 'CouplerQubit']()
+
+    def __new__(cls, index: int) -> CouplerQubit:
+        if index < 0:
+            raise ValueError("CouplerQubit index must be non-negative.")
+        inst = cls._cache.get(index)
+        if inst is None:
+            inst = super().__new__(cls, index)
+            inst._index = index
+            inst._initialized = True
+            inst._hash = None
+            cls._cache[index] = inst
+        return inst
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'G{self.index}'
-- 
Gitee


From a1597316dba2d2997d1840b8c7f7ce5e6f670544 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 15:02:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 16/30] feat(pulse): Add base pulse and specialized pulse
 classes. `G`, `PXY`, `PZ`, and `PZ0` pulses.

---
 cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/pulse/g.py          | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/pulse/pxy.py        | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/pulse/pz.py         | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/pulse/pz0.py        | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 225 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/g.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/pz.py
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/pz0.py

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99b1a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Base Class for QCIS Pulse instruction
+"""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction import Instruction
+
+from .waveform import WaveformParams
+
+
+class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
+    """
+    Abstract base class for Quantum Control Instruction System (QCIS) pulse commands.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            name: str,
+            params: WaveformParams = None,
+            label: str = None
+    ):
+        """Initialize base pulse instance
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): Pulse type identifier (e.g. PZ/PZ0/PXY/G)
+            params (WaveformParams): Waveform parameter container storing physical values.
+            label (str): Optional operational label for experimental tracking
+        """
+        self._params = params
+        if params:
+            params = params.data
+        else:
+            params = []
+        super().__init__(name=name, num_qubits=1, params=params, label=label)
+        self.validate()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def validate(self):
+        """
+        Abstract template method for parameter validation
+        """
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/g.py b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..196261d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" G: Adjust and control the coupling function of the coupling qubit. """
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+from .base_pulse import BasePulse
+
+
+class G(BasePulse):
+    """
+    Coupling strength controller for coupling qubits via sequential DC(Direct Current) pulses.
+    Applies tunable interaction between adjacent qubits by setting duration (DAC cycles)
+    and coupling amplitude (Hz). Exclusively operates on coupling qubits.
+
+    Parameters:
+        - length: Coupling activation duration in DAC sampling cycles (1 cycle=0.5ns)
+        - coupling_strength: Interaction magnitude in Hertz (Hz)
+
+    Example:
+        `G G107 100 -3E6` sets 3MHz coupling on G107 for 50ns (100 cycles).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, length: int, coupling_strength: int, label: str = None):
+        self.length = length
+        self.coupling_strength = coupling_strength
+        super().__init__('G', params=None, label=label)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """
+        Validate pulse parameters for G-type coupling operations.
+
+        Ensures:
+            - Duration (length) is within valid range [0, 1e5] DAC cycles
+            - Coupling strength meets implementation constraints
+        """
+        if self.length < 0 or self.length > 1e5:
+            raise CqlibError(f"Invalid duration {self.length}: "
+                             f"Must be 0-100,000 DAC cycles (1 cycle=0.5ns)")
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edf9e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Sequential AC(Alternating Current) pulse controller for data qubit XY channels.
+"""
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+from .base_pulse import BasePulse
+from .waveform import WaveformParams, NumericParams
+
+
+class PXY(BasePulse):
+    """
+    Pulse controller for data qubit XY channels.
+
+    For PXY pulses, the numerical list of data pulses is in the form of
+    [i0, i1, ..., in, q0, q1, ..., qn]. The first half describes the
+    pulse values of I channel, and the second half describes the
+    pulse values of Q channel. The length of its list is >=6 and
+    must be even.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+        """
+        Initialize XY channel pulse with waveform parameters
+        """
+        super().__init__('PXY', params, label=label)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """
+        Verify PXY-specific waveform constraints.
+        """
+        p = self._params
+        if p.phase is None or p.drag_alpha is None:
+            raise CqlibError('PXY must have phase and drag_alpha params')
+        if isinstance(p, NumericParams) and (len(p.params) < 6 or len(p.params) % 2 == 1):
+            raise CqlibError('The length of its list must >=6 and must be even.')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13cc061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" Sequential DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels. """
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+from .base_pulse import BasePulse
+from .waveform import WaveformParams
+
+
+class PZ(BasePulse):
+    """
+    Sequential DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+        """Initialize Z-axis DC pulse with Stark shift parameters"""
+        super().__init__('PZ', params, label=label)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        p = self._params
+        if p.phase is not None or p.drag_alpha is not None:
+            raise CqlibError('PZ must not have phase and drag_alpha params')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c90813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+
+"""Parallel DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels."""
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+from .base_pulse import BasePulse
+from .waveform import WaveformParams
+
+
+class PZ0(BasePulse):
+    """
+    Parallel DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels.
+
+    Enables synchronized multi-channel DC pulse generation for simultaneous
+    frequency adjustments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+        """
+        Initialize parallel Z-axis DC pulse controller.
+
+        Args:
+            params (WaveformParams): Waveform params.
+            label (str, optional): Operational identifier for batch processing
+        """
+        super().__init__('PZ0', params, label=label)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """ Verify parallel DC pulse constraints. """
+        p = self._params
+        if p.phase is not None or p.drag_alpha is not None:
+            raise CqlibError('PZ0 must not have phase and drag_alpha params')
-- 
Gitee


From ad0e316a092bb6248ebe1b07eec034bec0b8e33c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <gaojj7@chinatelecom.cn>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 15:07:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 17/30] feat(cqlib/pulse): Add initial pulse module
 implementation

---
 cqlib/pulse/__init__.py | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/__init__.py

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82a6624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+Pulse module based on the pulse instruction in the QCIS instruction.
+"""
+
+from .coupler_qubit import CouplerQubit
+from .waveform import Waveform, WaveformType, CosineParams, \
+    FlattopParams, SlepianParams, NumericParams
+from .g import G
+from .pz import PZ
+from .pz0 import PZ0
+from .pxy import PXY
+
+__all__ = [
+    'CouplerQubit',
+    'Waveform', 'WaveformType',
+    'CosineParams', 'FlattopParams', 'SlepianParams', 'NumericParams',
+    'G', 'PXY', 'PZ', 'PZ0'
+]
-- 
Gitee


From 7a1cb6c688984c525e4e7b08cc550af836278c91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:22:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 18/30] refactor(cqlib/pulse): Rename WaveformParams to
 Waveform and update imports

---
 cqlib/pulse/__init__.py      |   8 +--
 cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py    |   4 +-
 cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py |   2 +-
 cqlib/pulse/pxy.py           |   6 +-
 cqlib/pulse/pz.py            |   4 +-
 cqlib/pulse/pz0.py           |   6 +-
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py      | 111 ++++++++++++++++-------------------
 7 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
index 82a6624..817221a 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ Pulse module based on the pulse instruction in the QCIS instruction.
 """
 
 from .coupler_qubit import CouplerQubit
-from .waveform import Waveform, WaveformType, CosineParams, \
-    FlattopParams, SlepianParams, NumericParams
+from .waveform import Waveform, WaveformType, CosineWaveform, \
+    FlattopWaveform, SlepianWaveform, NumericWaveform
 from .g import G
 from .pz import PZ
 from .pz0 import PZ0
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ from .pxy import PXY
 __all__ = [
     'CouplerQubit',
     'Waveform', 'WaveformType',
-    'CosineParams', 'FlattopParams', 'SlepianParams', 'NumericParams',
-    'G', 'PXY', 'PZ', 'PZ0'
+    'CosineWaveform', 'FlattopWaveform', 'SlepianWaveform', 'NumericWaveform',
+    'G', 'PXY', 'PZ', 'PZ0',
 ]
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
index 99b1a85..e18202c 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction import Instruction
 
-from .waveform import WaveformParams
+from .waveform import Waveform
 
 
 class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
     def __init__(
             self,
             name: str,
-            params: WaveformParams = None,
+            params: Waveform = None,
             label: str = None
     ):
         """Initialize base pulse instance
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py b/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py
index 42be3d9..cc8e685 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/coupler_qubit.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class CouplerQubit(Bit):
             raise ValueError("CouplerQubit index must be non-negative.")
         inst = cls._cache.get(index)
         if inst is None:
-            inst = super().__new__(cls, index)
+            inst = super().__new__(cls)
             inst._index = index
             inst._initialized = True
             inst._hash = None
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
index edf9e9e..1db8349 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Sequential AC(Alternating Current) pulse controller for data qubit XY channels.
 """
 from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 from .base_pulse import BasePulse
-from .waveform import WaveformParams, NumericParams
+from .waveform import Waveform, NumericWaveform
 
 
 class PXY(BasePulse):
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class PXY(BasePulse):
     must be even.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """
         Initialize XY channel pulse with waveform parameters
         """
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ class PXY(BasePulse):
         p = self._params
         if p.phase is None or p.drag_alpha is None:
             raise CqlibError('PXY must have phase and drag_alpha params')
-        if isinstance(p, NumericParams) and (len(p.params) < 6 or len(p.params) % 2 == 1):
+        if isinstance(p, NumericWaveform) and (len(p.params) < 6 or len(p.params) % 2 == 1):
             raise CqlibError('The length of its list must >=6 and must be even.')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
index 13cc061..bbda609 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 """ Sequential DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels. """
 from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 from .base_pulse import BasePulse
-from .waveform import WaveformParams
+from .waveform import Waveform
 
 
 class PZ(BasePulse):
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class PZ(BasePulse):
     Sequential DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """Initialize Z-axis DC pulse with Stark shift parameters"""
         super().__init__('PZ', params, label=label)
 
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
index 6c90813..1a7fbd4 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 """Parallel DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels."""
 from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 from .base_pulse import BasePulse
-from .waveform import WaveformParams
+from .waveform import Waveform
 
 
 class PZ0(BasePulse):
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ class PZ0(BasePulse):
     frequency adjustments.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: WaveformParams, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """
         Initialize parallel Z-axis DC pulse controller.
 
         Args:
-            params (WaveformParams): Waveform params.
+            params (Waveform): Waveform.
             label (str, optional): Operational identifier for batch processing
         """
         super().__init__('PZ0', params, label=label)
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index ef944e9..780eaab 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ for generating quantum pulse sequences. It provides a standardized
 interface to configure and validate waveform parameters across different
 waveform types.
 """
-
+from __future__ import annotations
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import IntEnum, unique
 from math import pi
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class WaveformType(IntEnum):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class WaveformParams:
+class Waveform:
     """
     Base dataclass for waveform parameter validation and string representation.
 
@@ -63,6 +63,51 @@ class WaveformParams:
     phase: float = None  # PXY only
     drag_alpha: float = None  # PXY only
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(
+            w_type: WaveformType,
+            length: int,
+            amplitude: float,
+            phase: float = None,
+            drag_alpha: float = None,
+            **kwargs
+    ) -> 'Waveform':
+        """
+        Factory method to create waveform parameter objects based on the specified type.
+
+        Instantiates a concrete waveform parameter class according to the given waveform type,
+        validates parameters, and returns the initialized object.
+
+        Args:
+            w_type(WaveformType):  Enumerated waveform type identifier.
+            length(int): Total duration of the waveform in samples (1-1e5).
+            amplitude: Normalized signal amplitude (0.0-1.0).
+            phase (float, optional): Phase shift for PXY. Must be in (-π, π] range.
+            drag_alpha (float, optional): DRAG correction coefficient for PXY. Must be positive.
+            **kwargs: Type-specific parameters for advanced waveform configurations:
+                - FLATTOP: edge (int)
+                - SLEPIAN: thf, thi, lam2, lam3 (float)
+                - NUMERIC: samples (list[float])
+        """
+        param_classes = {
+            WaveformType.COSINE: CosineWaveform,
+            WaveformType.FLATTOP: FlattopWaveform,
+            WaveformType.SLEPIAN: SlepianWaveform,
+            WaveformType.NUMERIC: NumericWaveform
+        }
+
+        if w_type not in param_classes:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported waveform type: {w_type}")
+
+        return param_classes[w_type](
+            waveform=w_type,
+            length=length,
+            amplitude=amplitude,
+            phase=phase,
+            drag_alpha=drag_alpha,
+            **kwargs
+        )
+
     def validate(self):
         """Performs basic parameter validation."""
         if not isinstance(self.length, int) or self.length <= 0 or self.length > 1e5:
@@ -87,7 +132,7 @@ class WaveformParams:
 
 
 @dataclass
-class CosineParams(WaveformParams):
+class CosineWaveform(Waveform):
     """Configuration parameters for cosine-shaped waveforms."""
 
     def __post_init__(self):
@@ -95,7 +140,7 @@ class CosineParams(WaveformParams):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class FlattopParams(WaveformParams):
+class FlattopWaveform(Waveform):
     """
     Specialized parameters for flat-top waveforms with edge control.
 
@@ -117,7 +162,7 @@ class FlattopParams(WaveformParams):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class SlepianParams(WaveformParams):
+class SlepianWaveform(Waveform):
     """
     Specialized parameters for slepian waveforms
 
@@ -140,7 +185,7 @@ class SlepianParams(WaveformParams):
 
 
 @dataclass
-class NumericParams(WaveformParams):
+class NumericWaveform(Waveform):
     """
     Specialized parameters for numeric waveforms.
 
@@ -163,57 +208,3 @@ class NumericParams(WaveformParams):
         ps = super().data
         ps.extend(self.params)
         return ps
-
-
-# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
-class Waveform:
-    """
-    Factory class for creating waveform parameter objects based on type.
-
-    Usage:
-        Instantiate through static method __new__ with type-specific parameters.
-
-    Example:
-        >>> from cqlib.pulse.waveform import Waveform
-        >>> wave = Waveform(
-        >>>     w_type=WaveformType.COSINE,
-        >>>     length=1000,
-        >>>     amplitude=0.8
-        >>> )
-        >>> print(f'Cosine 波形: {wave}')
-    """
-
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments, too-many-positional-arguments
-    def __new__(cls,
-                w_type: WaveformType,
-                length: int,
-                amplitude: float,
-                phase: float = None,
-                drag_alpha: float = None,
-                **kwargs) -> CosineParams | FlattopParams | SlepianParams | NumericParams:
-        """
-        创建波形参数对象
-
-        :param w_type: 波形类型枚举值
-        :param length: 波形总时长
-        :param amplitude: 幅度
-        :param kwargs: 类型特定参数
-        """
-        param_classes = {
-            WaveformType.COSINE: CosineParams,
-            WaveformType.FLATTOP: FlattopParams,
-            WaveformType.SLEPIAN: SlepianParams,
-            WaveformType.NUMERIC: NumericParams
-        }
-
-        if w_type not in param_classes:
-            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported waveform type: {w_type}")
-
-        return param_classes[w_type](
-            waveform=w_type,
-            length=length,
-            amplitude=amplitude,
-            phase=phase,
-            drag_alpha=drag_alpha,
-            **kwargs
-        )
-- 
Gitee


From c01990f0862a894c18692ac3bed6e411298050d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 18:08:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 19/30] refactor(cqlib/pulse): Rename params to waveform in
 pulse classes

---
 cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py |  8 ++++----
 cqlib/pulse/g.py          |  5 ++++-
 cqlib/pulse/pxy.py        | 11 ++++++-----
 cqlib/pulse/pz.py         |  6 +++---
 cqlib/pulse/pz0.py        |  8 ++++----
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py   |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
index e18202c..61ecfbc 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
     def __init__(
             self,
             name: str,
-            params: Waveform = None,
+            waveform: Waveform = None,
             label: str = None
     ):
         """Initialize base pulse instance
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
             params (WaveformParams): Waveform parameter container storing physical values.
             label (str): Optional operational label for experimental tracking
         """
-        self._params = params
-        if params:
-            params = params.data
+        self._waveform = waveform
+        if waveform:
+            params = waveform.data
         else:
             params = []
         super().__init__(name=name, num_qubits=1, params=params, label=label)
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/g.py b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
index 196261d..1a0652b 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/g.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class G(BasePulse):
     def __init__(self, length: int, coupling_strength: int, label: str = None):
         self.length = length
         self.coupling_strength = coupling_strength
-        super().__init__('G', params=None, label=label)
+        super().__init__('G', waveform=None, label=label)
 
     def validate(self):
         """
@@ -46,3 +46,6 @@ class G(BasePulse):
         if self.length < 0 or self.length > 1e5:
             raise CqlibError(f"Invalid duration {self.length}: "
                              f"Must be 0-100,000 DAC cycles (1 cycle=0.5ns)")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.length},{self.coupling_strength})'
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
index 1db8349..9105968 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
@@ -30,18 +30,19 @@ class PXY(BasePulse):
     must be even.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, waveform: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """
         Initialize XY channel pulse with waveform parameters
         """
-        super().__init__('PXY', params, label=label)
+        super().__init__('PXY', waveform=waveform, label=label)
 
     def validate(self):
         """
         Verify PXY-specific waveform constraints.
         """
-        p = self._params
-        if p.phase is None or p.drag_alpha is None:
+        waveform = self._waveform
+        if waveform.phase is None or waveform.drag_alpha is None:
             raise CqlibError('PXY must have phase and drag_alpha params')
-        if isinstance(p, NumericWaveform) and (len(p.params) < 6 or len(p.params) % 2 == 1):
+        if isinstance(waveform, NumericWaveform) \
+                and (len(waveform.params) < 6 or len(waveform.params) % 2 == 1):
             raise CqlibError('The length of its list must >=6 and must be even.')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
index bbda609..d2e277d 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz.py
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ class PZ(BasePulse):
     Sequential DC pulse controller for data/coupling qubit Z channels.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, waveform: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """Initialize Z-axis DC pulse with Stark shift parameters"""
-        super().__init__('PZ', params, label=label)
+        super().__init__('PZ', waveform=waveform, label=label)
 
     def validate(self):
-        p = self._params
+        p = self._waveform
         if p.phase is not None or p.drag_alpha is not None:
             raise CqlibError('PZ must not have phase and drag_alpha params')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
index 1a7fbd4..20a8bd7 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pz0.py
@@ -26,18 +26,18 @@ class PZ0(BasePulse):
     frequency adjustments.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, params: Waveform, label: str = None):
+    def __init__(self, waveform: Waveform, label: str = None):
         """
         Initialize parallel Z-axis DC pulse controller.
 
         Args:
-            params (Waveform): Waveform.
+            waveform (Waveform): Waveform.
             label (str, optional): Operational identifier for batch processing
         """
-        super().__init__('PZ0', params, label=label)
+        super().__init__('PZ0', waveform, label=label)
 
     def validate(self):
         """ Verify parallel DC pulse constraints. """
-        p = self._params
+        p = self._waveform
         if p.phase is not None or p.drag_alpha is not None:
             raise CqlibError('PZ0 must not have phase and drag_alpha params')
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index 780eaab..377e58c 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class FlattopWaveform(Waveform):
     def __post_init__(self):
         self.validate()
         if 2 * self.edge >= self.length:
-            raise ValueError(f"Edge ({self.edge}) too large for length {self.length}")
+            raise CqlibError(f"Edge ({self.edge}) too large for length {self.length}")
 
     @property
     def data(self) -> list[float]:
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ class NumericWaveform(Waveform):
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().validate()
         if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.params):
-            raise ValueError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
+            raise CqlibError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
         if len(self.params) < 3:
-            raise ValueError("The numerical list of data pulses is in the form"
+            raise CqlibError("The numerical list of data pulses is in the form"
                              " of [d0, d1, ..., dn], and the list length must be >= 3")
 
     @property
-- 
Gitee


From d6f923e32963de92a8a6a63b8edbea2eeed5c1c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 18:11:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 20/30] test(pulse): Add test cases for pulse and waveform
 classes

Add comprehensive test cases for the PXY, PZ, PZ0, and G pulse classes as well as the Waveform class. These tests cover various waveform types including cosine, flattop, slepian, and numeric.

- feat(tests/pulse/test_instruction.py): Add test cases for PXY, PZ, PZ0, and G pulse classes
- feat(tests/pulse/test_waveform.py): Add test cases for different waveform types in the Waveform class
---
 tests/pulse/test_instruction.py | 128 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/pulse/test_waveform.py    |  63 ++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 191 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tests/pulse/test_instruction.py
 create mode 100644 tests/pulse/test_waveform.py

diff --git a/tests/pulse/test_instruction.py b/tests/pulse/test_instruction.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fe0221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pulse/test_instruction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" Tests for pulse instruction"""
+
+import pytest
+
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+from cqlib.pulse import WaveformType, Waveform, PZ, PXY, PZ0, G
+
+# pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring
+
+class TestPXY:
+    """Test cases for the PXY pulse class."""
+
+    def test_cosine(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=10, amplitude=0.1)
+        with pytest.raises(CqlibError) as exec_info:
+            PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert "PXY must have phase and drag_alpha params" in exec_info.value.args[0]
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=10, amplitude=0.1,
+                                   phase=2, drag_alpha=0.2)
+        pxy = PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pxy) == 'PXY(0,10,0.1,2,0.2)'
+
+    def test_flattop(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.FLATTOP, length=10, amplitude=0.1, edge=1,
+                                   phase=2, drag_alpha=0.2)
+        pxy = PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pxy) == 'PXY(1,10,0.1,2,0.2,1)'
+
+    def test_slepian(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.SLEPIAN, length=10, amplitude=0.1, phase=2,
+                                   drag_alpha=0.2, thf=0.1, thi=0.2, lam2=0.3, lam3=1)
+        pxy = PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pxy) == 'PXY(2,10,0.1,2,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.3,1)'
+
+    def test_numeric(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=10, amplitude=0.1, phase=2,
+                                   drag_alpha=0.2, params=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
+        with pytest.raises(CqlibError) as exec_info:
+            PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert 'The length of its list must >=6 and must be even.' in exec_info.value.args[0]
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=10, amplitude=0.1, phase=2,
+                                   drag_alpha=0.2, params=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.11, 0.22, 0.33])
+        pxy = PXY(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pxy) == 'PXY(3,10,0.1,2,0.2,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.11,0.22,0.33)'
+
+
+class TestPZ:
+    """Test cases for the PZ pulse class."""
+
+    def test_cosine(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=10, amplitude=0.1)
+        pz = PZ(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz) == 'PZ(0,10,0.1)'
+
+    def test_flattop(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.FLATTOP, length=10, amplitude=0.1, edge=1)
+        pz = PZ(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz) == 'PZ(1,10,0.1,1)'
+
+    def test_slepian(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.SLEPIAN, length=10, amplitude=0.1,
+                                   thf=0.1, thi=0.2, lam2=0.3, lam3=1)
+        pz = PZ(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz) == 'PZ(2,10,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.3,1)'
+
+    def test_numeric(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=10, amplitude=0.1,
+                                   params=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
+        pz = PZ(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz) == 'PZ(3,10,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.3)'
+
+        with pytest.raises(CqlibError) as exec_info:
+            Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=10, amplitude=0.1, params=[0.1, 0.2])
+        assert ('The numerical list of data pulses is in the form of [d0, d1, ..., dn]'
+                ', and the list length must be >= 3') in exec_info.value.args[0]
+
+
+class TestPZ0:
+    """Test cases for the PZ0 pulse class."""
+
+    def test_cosine(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=10, amplitude=0.1)
+        pz0 = PZ0(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz0) == 'PZ0(0,10,0.1)'
+
+    def test_flattop(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.FLATTOP, length=10, amplitude=0.1, edge=1)
+        pz = PZ0(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz) == 'PZ0(1,10,0.1,1)'
+
+    def test_slepian(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.SLEPIAN, length=10, amplitude=0.1,
+                                   thf=0.1, thi=0.2, lam2=0.3, lam3=1)
+        pz0 = PZ0(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz0) == 'PZ0(2,10,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.3,1)'
+
+    def test_numeric(self):
+        waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=10, amplitude=0.1,
+                                   params=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3])
+        pz0 = PZ0(waveform=waveform)
+        assert str(pz0) == 'PZ0(3,10,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.3)'
+
+
+class TestG:
+    """Test cases for the G (global coupling) pulse class."""
+
+    def test_g(self):
+        g = G(length=100, coupling_strength=-3)
+        assert str(g) == 'G(100,-3)'
+
+    def test_g1(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as exec_info:
+            # pylint: disable=unexpected-keyword-arg,no-value-for-parameter
+            G(waveform=100)
+        assert "got an unexpected keyword argument 'waveform'" in exec_info.value.args[0]
diff --git a/tests/pulse/test_waveform.py b/tests/pulse/test_waveform.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16f2dfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pulse/test_waveform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""test waveform"""
+
+# pylint: disable=no-member
+
+from cqlib.pulse import Waveform, WaveformType
+
+
+def test_cosine():
+    """test cosine waveform"""
+    length = 10
+    amplitude = 1
+    cos = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=length, amplitude=amplitude)
+    assert cos.data == [WaveformType.COSINE, length, amplitude]
+    assert str(cos) == f'{WaveformType.COSINE.value} {length} {amplitude}'
+
+
+def test_flattop():
+    """test flattop waveform"""
+    length = 10
+    amplitude = 1
+    edge = 1
+    waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.FLATTOP, length=length, amplitude=amplitude, edge=edge)
+    assert waveform.data == [WaveformType.FLATTOP, length, amplitude, edge]
+    assert str(waveform) == f'{WaveformType.FLATTOP.value} {length} {amplitude} {edge}'
+
+
+def test_slepian():
+    """test slepian waveform"""
+    length = 10
+    amplitude = 1
+    thf, thi, lam2, lam3 = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4
+    waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.SLEPIAN, length=length, amplitude=amplitude,
+                               thf=thf, thi=thi, lam2=lam2, lam3=lam3)
+    assert waveform.data == [WaveformType.SLEPIAN, length, amplitude, thf, thi, lam2, lam3]
+    assert str(waveform) == (f'{WaveformType.SLEPIAN.value} {length} '
+                             f'{amplitude} {thf} {thi} {lam2} {lam3}')
+
+
+def test_numeric():
+    """test numeric waveform"""
+    length = 10
+    amplitude = 1
+    params = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4
+    waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.NUMERIC, length=length, amplitude=amplitude,
+                               params=params)
+    d = [WaveformType.NUMERIC.value, length, amplitude]
+    d.extend(params)
+    assert waveform.data == d
+    assert str(waveform) == (f'{WaveformType.NUMERIC.value} {length} '
+                             f'{amplitude} {" ".join(map(str, params))}')
-- 
Gitee


From d01061092fcb7ab8cf2a9540dbaabd6b7a653095 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 09:52:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 21/30] feat(pulse): Add PulseCircuit class for pulse-level
 control

Introduce a new class `PulseCircuit` in the `pulse` module to support pulse-level control of qubits and coupler qubits. This class extends the existing `Circuit` class and includes methods for appending pulse instructions, managing coupler qubits, and applying specific pulses like G, PXY, PZ, and PZ0.
---
 cqlib/pulse/__init__.py      |   5 +-
 cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py | 177 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
index 817221a..d634487 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/__init__.py
@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ from .g import G
 from .pz import PZ
 from .pz0 import PZ0
 from .pxy import PXY
+from .pulse_circuit import PulseCircuit
 
 __all__ = [
     'CouplerQubit',
     'Waveform', 'WaveformType',
-    'CosineWaveform', 'FlattopWaveform', 'SlepianWaveform', 'NumericWaveform',
+    'CosineWaveform', 'FlattopWaveform',
+    'SlepianWaveform', 'NumericWaveform',
     'G', 'PXY', 'PZ', 'PZ0',
+    'PulseCircuit',
 ]
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b34a16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+"""
+A specialized quantum circuit class designed for pulse-level control
+of qubits and coupler qubits.
+"""
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit, Qubits
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction import Instruction
+from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
+from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
+from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
+from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
+
+from .coupler_qubit import CouplerQubit
+from .g import G
+from .pxy import PXY
+from .pz import PZ
+from .pz0 import PZ0
+from .waveform import Waveform
+
+CouplerQubits = int | CouplerQubit | Sequence[int | CouplerQubit]
+
+
+class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
+    """
+    Circuit with pulse support.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            qubits: Qubits,
+            coupler_qubits: CouplerQubits,
+            parameters: Sequence[Parameter | str] | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize PulseCircuit.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits(Qubits): Specification for standard qubits.
+            coupler_qubits(CouplerQubits): Specification for coupler qubits.
+            parameters(Sequence[Parameter | str] | None): Circuit parameters.
+        """
+        super().__init__(qubits, parameters)
+        self._coupler_qubits = self._initialize_coupler_qubits(coupler_qubits)
+
+    @property
+    def coupler_qubits(self) -> list[CouplerQubit]:
+        """
+        A list of initialized coupler qubit objects in the circuit.
+        """
+        return list(self._coupler_qubits.values())
+
+    def append_pulse(self, instruction: Instruction, qubit: CouplerQubit | Qubit):
+        """
+        Appends a pulse instruction to the circuit.
+
+        Args:
+            instruction (Instruction): Pulse instruction to add.
+            qubit (Qubit | CouplerQubit): Target qubit or coupler qubit.
+        """
+        if isinstance(qubit, CouplerQubit) and str(qubit) not in self._coupler_qubits:
+            raise CqlibError(f"Coupler qubit {qubit} is not registered in the circuit. "
+                             f"Available coupler qubits: {self.coupler_qubits}")
+        if isinstance(qubit, Qubit) and str(qubit) not in self._qubits:
+            raise CqlibError(f"Qubit {qubit} is not registered in the circuit. "
+                             f"Available qubits: {self.qubits}")
+        self._circuit_data.append(InstructionData(instruction=instruction, qubits=[qubit]))
+
+    def g(self, couple_qubit: CouplerQubit | int, length: int, coupling_strength: int):
+        """
+        Applies a G-pulse (coupling pulse) to a coupler qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            couple_qubit(CouplerQubit | int): Target coupler qubit or its index.
+            length(int): Duration of the pulse in time steps.
+            coupling_strength(int): Strength of the coupling interaction.
+        """
+        if isinstance(couple_qubit, int):
+            couple_qubit = CouplerQubit(couple_qubit)
+        self.append_pulse(G(length, coupling_strength), couple_qubit)
+
+    def pxy(self, qubit: Qubit | int, waveform: Waveform):
+        """
+        Applies a PXY-pulse (XY control pulse) to a standard qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit(Qubit | int): Target qubit or its index.
+            waveform(Waveform): Waveform object defining the pulse shape.
+        """
+        if isinstance(qubit, int):
+            qubit = Qubit(qubit)
+        self.append_pulse(PXY(waveform=waveform), qubit)
+
+    def pz(self, qubit: CouplerQubit | Qubit, waveform: Waveform):
+        """
+        Applies a PZ-pulse (Z control pulse) to a qubit or coupler qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit(CouplerQubit | Qubit): Target CouplerQubit or Qubit.
+            waveform (Waveform): Waveform object defining the pulse shape.
+        """
+        self.append_pulse(PZ(waveform=waveform), qubit)
+
+    def pz0(self, qubit: CouplerQubit | Qubit, waveform: Waveform):
+        """
+        Applies a PZ0-pulse (parallel) to a qubit or coupler qubit.
+
+        Args:
+            qubit(CouplerQubit | Qubit): Target CouplerQubit or Qubit.
+            waveform (Waveform): Waveform object defining the pulse shape.
+        """
+        self.append_pulse(PZ0(waveform=waveform), qubit)
+
+    def add_coupler_qubits(self, couple_qubits: CouplerQubits):
+        """
+        Adds a coupler qubit(or list) to the circuit, ensuring it does not already exist.
+
+        Args:
+            couple_qubits (CouplerQubits): The coupler qubits to add, specified as an
+                integer index or a Qubit object.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(couple_qubits, Sequence):
+            couple_qubits = [couple_qubits]
+
+        for qubit in couple_qubits:
+            if isinstance(qubit, int):
+                qubit = CouplerQubit(qubit)
+            elif not isinstance(qubit, CouplerQubit):
+                raise TypeError(f"{qubit} must be an int or CouplerQubit instance.")
+            if str(qubit) in self._qubits:
+                raise ValueError(f"CouplerQubit {qubit} already exists in the circuit.")
+            self._coupler_qubits[str(qubit)] = qubit
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _initialize_coupler_qubits(coupler_qubits: CouplerQubits) -> dict[str, CouplerQubit]:
+        """
+        Helper function to initialize coupler_qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            coupler_qubits (CouplerQubits): Input coupler qubits specification.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict[int, CouplerQubit]: Dictionary of CouplerQubit objects.
+        """
+        if isinstance(coupler_qubits, int):
+            if coupler_qubits < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Number of coupler qubits must be non-negative.")
+            return {str(Qubit(i)): CouplerQubit(i) for i in range(coupler_qubits)}
+        if isinstance(coupler_qubits, CouplerQubit):
+            return {str(coupler_qubits): coupler_qubits}
+        if not isinstance(coupler_qubits, (list, tuple)):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid coupler_qubits input. Expected int, CouplerQubit,"
+                             " or list/tuple of these.")
+
+        qs = {}
+        for qubit in coupler_qubits:
+            if isinstance(qubit, int):
+                qubit = CouplerQubit(qubit)
+            elif not isinstance(qubit, CouplerQubit):
+                raise TypeError("CouplerQubit must be an int or CouplerQubit instance.")
+            if qubit.index in qs:
+                raise ValueError(f"Duplicate qubit detected: {qubit}")
+            qs[str(qubit)] = qubit
+        return qs
-- 
Gitee


From f9c22593fc00b1f84712e4c394da9bdc6a8d7f1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 10:28:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 22/30] refactor(cqlib/circuits): Remove unused imports and
 pulse-related methods

- Removed unused imports for `CouplingQubit`, `PulseParameter`, and `Waveform`.
- Removed unused methods related to pulse operations in `circuit.py` and `instruction.py`.
---
 cqlib/__init__.py                       |   2 +-
 cqlib/circuits/__init__.py              |   4 -
 cqlib/circuits/circuit.py               |  29 +------
 cqlib/circuits/coupling_qubit.py        |  40 ---------
 cqlib/circuits/instruction.py           |   3 +-
 cqlib/circuits/pulse/__init__.py        |  14 ----
 cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse.py           | 103 ------------------------
 cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse_parameter.py |  83 -------------------
 cqlib/circuits/pulse/waveform.py        |  35 --------
 9 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 308 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/coupling_qubit.py
 delete mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/pulse/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse.py
 delete mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse_parameter.py
 delete mode 100644 cqlib/circuits/pulse/waveform.py

diff --git a/cqlib/__init__.py b/cqlib/__init__.py
index c3e0aa5..909f2a7 100644
--- a/cqlib/__init__.py
+++ b/cqlib/__init__.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 """cqlib"""
 
 from cqlib.circuits import Circuit, Barrier, Qubit, Measure, Parameter, Instruction, \
-    InstructionData, gates, CouplingQubit, Pulse, PulseParameter, Waveform
+    InstructionData, gates
 from cqlib.circuits import dag_to_circuit, circuit_to_dag
 
 from cqlib.quantum_platform import BasePlatform, TianYanPlatform, GuoDunPlatform, QuantumLanguage
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/__init__.py b/cqlib/circuits/__init__.py
index 97541c4..4a60287 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/__init__.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/__init__.py
@@ -15,15 +15,11 @@
 
 from .barrier import Barrier
 from .circuit import Circuit
-from .coupling_qubit import CouplingQubit
 from .instruction_data import InstructionData
 from .measure import Measure
 from .parameter import Parameter
 from .qubit import Qubit
 from .instruction import Instruction
 from .dag import dag_to_circuit, circuit_to_dag
-from .pulse.pulse_parameter import PulseParameter
-from .pulse.waveform import Waveform
-from .pulse.pulse import Pulse
 
 from .commutation import circuit_commutator, check_commutation, commute
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
index 9a720d7..d1bea91 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
 from cqlib.circuits.measure import Measure
 from cqlib.circuits.parameter import Parameter
 from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
-from cqlib.circuits.coupling_qubit import CouplingQubit
-from cqlib.circuits.pulse.pulse import Pulse
-from cqlib.circuits.pulse.pulse_parameter import PulseParameter
 
 # Type Alias Definition
 Qubits = Union[Qubit, int, Sequence[Union[Qubit, int]]]
@@ -270,8 +267,8 @@ class Circuit:
         for q in qubits:
             if isinstance(q, int):
                 q = Qubit(q)
-            if not isinstance(q, (Qubit, CouplingQubit)):
-                raise TypeError("Qubit must be an instance of QuBit CouplingQubit or an integer.")
+            if not isinstance(q, Qubit):
+                raise TypeError(f"{q} must be an instance of QuBit or an integer.")
             if str(q) not in self._qubits:
                 raise ValueError(f"{q} not found in circuit.")
             qs.append(q)
@@ -285,7 +282,7 @@ class Circuit:
         for param in instruction.params:
             if isinstance(param, str):
                 param = Parameter(param)
-            if not isinstance(param, (Parameter, PulseParameter, float, int)):
+            if not isinstance(param, (Parameter, float, int)):
                 raise TypeError("Parameter must be a float, int, str, or an instance "
                                 "of Parameter or PulseParameter.")
             if isinstance(param, Parameter):
@@ -620,18 +617,6 @@ class Circuit:
         """
         self.append(Barrier(len(qubits)), list(qubits))
 
-    def pulse(self, qubit: Qubit | CouplingQubit, pulse_param: PulseParameter):
-        """
-
-        Args:
-            qubit (Qubit or CouplingQubit): The qubits to measure, can be a single
-                qubit or a list of qubits.
-            pulse_param (PulseParameter):
-        """
-        if not isinstance(qubit, (Qubit, CouplingQubit)):
-            raise TypeError("pulse")
-        self.append(Pulse(pulse_param), [qubit])
-
     def measure(self, qubits: Qubits):
         """
         Measures the specified qubits and collapses their quantum state into classical bits.
@@ -656,8 +641,6 @@ class Circuit:
                     measured_qubits.add(qubit)
 
         for _, qubit in self._qubits.items():
-            if isinstance(qubit, CouplingQubit):
-                continue
             if qubit not in measured_qubits:
                 self.append(Measure(), qubit)
 
@@ -829,12 +812,6 @@ class Circuit:
             line = line.strip()
             if not line:
                 continue
-            if line.startswith('PLS ') or line.startswith('PULSE '):
-                pls, coupling_qubit = Pulse.load(line)
-                if str(coupling_qubit) not in circuit.qubits:
-                    circuit.add_qubit(coupling_qubit)
-                circuit.append(instruction=pls, qubits=coupling_qubit)
-                continue
             match = line_pattern.match(line)
             if not match:
                 raise ValueError(f'Invalid line format: {line}')
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/coupling_qubit.py b/cqlib/circuits/coupling_qubit.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 92762e1..0000000
--- a/cqlib/circuits/coupling_qubit.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# This code is part of cqlib.
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
-# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
-#
-# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
-# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
-# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
-#
-# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
-# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
-# that they have been altered from the originals.
-
-"""Coupling Qubit"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import weakref
-
-from .qubit import Qubit
-
-
-class CouplingQubit(Qubit):
-    """A class representing a coupled qubit in a quantum system."""
-
-    _cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, 'CouplingQubit']()
-
-    def __new__(cls, index: int) -> CouplingQubit:
-        if index < 0:
-            raise ValueError("Qubit index must be non-negative.")
-        inst = cls._cache.get(index)
-        if inst is None:
-            inst = super().__new__(cls, index)
-            inst._index = index
-            inst._hash = None
-            cls._cache[index] = inst
-        return inst
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return f'G{self.index}'
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/instruction.py b/cqlib/circuits/instruction.py
index 2bfacf8..34b31b8 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/instruction.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/instruction.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from copy import copy
 from typing import List, Optional, Union, Sequence
-from cqlib.circuits.pulse.pulse_parameter import PulseParameter
 
 from .parameter import Parameter
 
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class Instruction:
             self,
             name: str,
             num_qubits: int,
-            params: Optional[List[Union[Parameter, 'PulseParameter', float, complex]]] = None,
+            params: Optional[List[Union[Parameter, float, complex]]] = None,
             label: Optional[str] = None
     ):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/__init__.py b/cqlib/circuits/pulse/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 70f7be4..0000000
--- a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# This code is part of cqlib.
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
-# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
-#
-# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
-# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
-# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
-#
-# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
-# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
-# that they have been altered from the originals.
-
-"""Pulse"""
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse.py b/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a142d23..0000000
--- a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-# This code is part of cqlib.
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
-# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
-#
-# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
-# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
-# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
-#
-# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
-# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
-# that they have been altered from the originals.
-
-"""Pulse operation command"""
-import re
-from typing import Optional
-
-from cqlib.circuits.coupling_qubit import CouplingQubit
-from cqlib.circuits.instruction import Instruction
-from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
-
-from .pulse_parameter import PulseParameter
-from .waveform import Waveform
-
-
-# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
-class Pulse(Instruction):
-    """
-    A class representing a quantum pulse instruction within a quantum circuit.
-
-    The Pulse class allows for fine-grained control over quantum operations by applying
-    specific pulses to qubits. This class can be used to construct instructions that
-    directly manipulate qubit states through customized pulse sequences. It supports
-    the highest level of control for quantum operations, including single-qubit gates,
-    multi-qubit gates, and other operations.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-            self,
-            param: PulseParameter,
-            label: Optional[str] = None
-    ):
-        """
-        Initialize a new Pulse instruction.
-
-        Args:
-            param (PulseParameter): The parameters defining the pulse, such as waveform,
-                start time, length, amplitude, etc.
-            label (Optional[str]): An optional label for the pulse instruction. Default is None.
-        """
-        super().__init__("PLS", 1, [param], label=label)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def load(line: str) -> ('Pulse', Qubit):
-        """
-        load Pulse gate
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-        line
-
-        Returns
-        -------
-
-        """
-        tokens = line.strip().split()
-        if len(tokens) < 9:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid instruction, expected at least 9 tokens, got {tokens}")
-        instruction, qubit, waveform, t_start, length, amplitude, frequency, phase, \
-            drag_alpha, *other_params = tokens
-        if instruction not in ('PLS', 'PULSE'):
-            raise ValueError(f"Unknown instruction '{instruction}'")
-
-        qubit_obj = Pulse._parse_qubit(qubit)
-        param = PulseParameter(
-            waveform=Waveform(int(waveform)),
-            t_start=int(t_start),
-            length=int(length),
-            amplitude=int(amplitude),
-            frequency=int(frequency),
-            phase=int(phase),
-            drag_alpha=int(drag_alpha),
-            others=[Pulse._parse_param(param) for param in other_params],
-        )
-
-        return Pulse(param=param), qubit_obj
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _parse_qubit(qubit: str) -> Qubit:
-        if not re.match(r'^[GQ]\d+$', qubit):
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid qubit identifier '{qubit}'")
-        if qubit[0] == 'G':
-            return CouplingQubit(int(qubit[1:]))
-        if qubit[0] == 'Q':
-            return Qubit(int(qubit[1:]))
-        raise ValueError(f"Unknown qubit type '{qubit[0]}'")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _parse_param(param: str) -> float:
-        try:
-            num = float(param)
-            return int(num) if num.is_integer() else num
-        except ValueError as exc:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid parameter '{param}'") from exc
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse_parameter.py b/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse_parameter.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8683a5a..0000000
--- a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/pulse_parameter.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-# This code is part of cqlib.
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
-# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
-#
-# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
-# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
-# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
-#
-# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
-# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
-# that they have been altered from the originals.
-
-"""Pulse Parameter"""
-
-from .waveform import Waveform
-
-
-# pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes, too-many-arguments, too-few-public-methods
-class PulseParameter:
-    """A class representing the parameters of a pulse in a quantum control sequence."""
-
-    def __init__(
-            self,
-            waveform: Waveform,
-            t_start: int,
-            length: int = 0,
-            amplitude: int = 0,
-            frequency: int = 0,
-            phase: int = 0,
-            drag_alpha: int = 0,
-            others: list[float] = None
-    ):
-        """
-        Initialize a pulse parameter.
-
-        if waveform is Numerical waveform. Each point in the waveform is defined by a numerical
-        value provided by the user through the 'other parameters' list. This waveform type allows
-        for precise control over each sample point in the pulse.
-        Example usage: PULSE C02 -1 256 0 0 0 0 0 200 100 300 400 … 23466. The pulse starts at
-        time 256 and has the numerical waveform values 200, 100, 300, 400, … 23466.
-        For numerical waveforms, the 'length', 'amplitude', 'frequency', and 'phase' parameters
-        are not relevant.
-
-        Args:
-            waveform (Waveform): The waveform type or identifier associated with the pulse.
-            t_start (int): The start time of the pulse relative to the control waveform sequence
-                start point. A t_start < 0 indicates that the pulse start time should be aligned
-                with the end time of the previous pulse or gate operation, enabling sequential
-                concatenation. A t_start >= 0 sets the pulse start time to an absolute value,
-                allowing the pulse to be inserted freely in the sequence, independent of previous
-                gate operations.
-            length (int, optional): The duration of the pulse in DAC sampling cycles. This value
-                might be irrelevant for certain waveform types, in which case it can be set to any
-                value. Default is 0.
-            amplitude (int, optional): The amplitude of the pulse, in DAC code values. The maximum
-                amplitude is 32768. For some waveform types, this parameter may be irrelevant and
-                can be set to any value. Default is 0.
-            frequency (int, optional): The sideband mixing frequency of the pulse in Hz. This value
-                may be irrelevant for certain waveform types. Default is 0.
-            phase (int, optional): The sideband mixing phase of the pulse in radians. This value may
-                be irrelevant for certain waveform types. Default is 0.
-            drag_alpha (int, optional): The DRAG correction coefficient, used to minimize leakage
-                errors during pulse execution. This value may be irrelevant for certain waveform
-                types. Default is 0.
-            others (list[int], optional): Additional parameters needed to generate the waveform,
-                specific to the waveform type. For numeric waveforms, this could be a sequence of
-                values defining each sample point of the waveform. For other waveform types, these
-                parameters might not be used. Default is an empty list.
-        """
-        self.waveform = waveform
-        self.t_start = t_start
-        self.length = length
-        self.amplitude = amplitude
-        self.frequency = frequency
-        self.phase = phase
-        self.drag_alpha = drag_alpha
-        self.others = others or []
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return (f"{self.waveform.value} {self.t_start} {self.length} {self.amplitude} "
-                f"{self.frequency} {self.phase} {self.drag_alpha} "
-                f"{' '.join(map(str, self.others))}")
diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/circuits/pulse/waveform.py
deleted file mode 100644
index ac833aa..0000000
--- a/cqlib/circuits/pulse/waveform.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# This code is part of cqlib.
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2024 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
-# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
-#
-# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
-# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
-# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
-#
-# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
-# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
-# that they have been altered from the originals.
-
-"""Waveform"""
-
-from enum import Enum
-
-
-class Waveform(Enum):
-    """
-    An enumeration representing different types of waveforms that can be used
-    in quantum pulse sequences.
-
-    0: Numerical waveform.
-    1: Flattop waveform.
-    2: Cosine waveform.
-
-    Note:
-    ----
-    Additional waveform types may be added in the future, but currently only the three types
-    listed above are available.
-    """
-    NUMERICAL = 0
-    FLATTOP = 1
-    COSINE = 2
-- 
Gitee


From 25e6d7c2001b9fafe043f0a6e91d9dd73789a2ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 10:31:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 23/30] fix(tests): Remove unused imports and tests in
 test_circuit.py and test_qubit.py

---
 tests/circuit/test_circuit.py | 47 ++++-------------------------------
 tests/circuit/test_qubit.py   | 16 +-----------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py b/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
index 06c8ecd..67096c5 100644
--- a/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
+++ b/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ Test Circuit
 """
 import pytest
 
-from cqlib.circuits import Circuit, Qubit, gates, Parameter, CouplingQubit, \
-    PulseParameter, Waveform
+from cqlib.circuits import Circuit, Qubit, gates, Parameter
 
 
 def test_basic_circuit():
@@ -262,47 +261,8 @@ def test_load_circuit_params():
         Circuit.load(qcis)
 
 
-def test_pulse():
-    """test load circuit with param, but will fail"""
-    q0 = Qubit(0)
-    q6 = Qubit(6)
-    g0 = CouplingQubit(0)
-    circuit = Circuit([q0, q6, g0])
-
-    circuit.h(q0)
-    circuit.h(q6)
-
-    pp = PulseParameter(
-        waveform=Waveform.FLATTOP,
-        t_start=-1,
-        length=100,
-        amplitude=0,
-        frequency=0,
-        phase=0,
-        drag_alpha=0,
-        others=[4]
-    )
-    circuit.pulse(qubit=g0, pulse_param=pp)
-    circuit.measure_all()
-    target = """H Q0
-H Q6
-PLS G0 1 -1 100 0 0 0 0 4
-M Q0
-M Q6"""
-    assert circuit.qcis == target
-
-
-def test_load_pulse():
-    qcis = """H Q0
-H Q6
-PLS G0 1 -1 100 0 0 0 0 4
-M Q0
-M Q6"""
-    circuit = Circuit.load(qcis)
-    assert circuit.qcis == qcis
-
-
 def test_load_e():
+    """ test load Scientific notation """
     qcis = """
     Y2M Q0
     RZ Q0 3.4641020674186507e-07
@@ -322,6 +282,7 @@ X2P Q2"""
 
 
 def test_add():
+    """ test parameters add """
     qcis = "H Q0\nCZ Q0 Q1"
     c1 = Circuit(2, parameters=['gamma'])
     c1.h(0)
@@ -341,7 +302,9 @@ def test_add():
     assert c1.qcis == '\n'.join([qcis, qcis])
     assert c2.qcis == qcis
 
+
 def test_copy():
+    """ test copy circuit """
     phi = Parameter('phi')
     theta = Parameter('theta')
     circuit = Circuit(2, [phi, theta])
diff --git a/tests/circuit/test_qubit.py b/tests/circuit/test_qubit.py
index 3eb5157..25ea7b4 100644
--- a/tests/circuit/test_qubit.py
+++ b/tests/circuit/test_qubit.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 Test qubits in the circuit
 """
 
-from cqlib.circuits import Circuit, Qubit, CouplingQubit
+from cqlib.circuits import Circuit, Qubit
 
 
 def test_number_of_qubit():
@@ -56,17 +56,3 @@ def test_qubit_singleton():
     circuit = Circuit(1)
     assert q0 is q0_1
     assert q0 is circuit.qubits[0]
-
-
-def test_couple_qubit():
-    """test couple Qubit"""
-    coupling_bit_0 = CouplingQubit(0)
-    coupling_bit_1 = CouplingQubit(0)
-    assert coupling_bit_0 is coupling_bit_1
-    assert str(coupling_bit_0) == 'G0'
-    assert repr(coupling_bit_0) == 'CouplingQubit(0)'
-    qbit_0 = Qubit(0)
-    qbit_1 = Qubit(0)
-    assert qbit_0 is qbit_1
-    assert repr(qbit_0) == 'Qubit(0)'
-    assert qbit_0 is not coupling_bit_0
-- 
Gitee


From e3098f177679159207c5185fc6cf8d59e8e7b521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 11:17:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 24/30] feat(cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py): add to_qasm2 method
 for pulse circuit export

---
 cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
index b34a16f..f5f1bf8 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
@@ -175,3 +175,23 @@ class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
                 raise ValueError(f"Duplicate qubit detected: {qubit}")
             qs[str(qubit)] = qubit
         return qs
+
+    def to_qasm2(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate a QASM 2.0 string representation of the circuit.
+
+        Note:
+            Circuits containing coupler qubits cannot be exported to QASM 2.0 format,
+            as the standard does not support coupler qubit operations.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: QASM 2.0 compliant code representing the circuit
+
+        Raises:
+            CqlibError: If the circuit contains coupler qubits, as they are not supported
+                in QASM 2.0.
+        """
+        if self._coupler_qubits:
+            raise CqlibError(f"QASM 2.0 export not supported for circuits with coupler qubits. "
+                             f"Found  coupler(s): {self.coupler_qubits}")
+        return super().to_qasm2()
-- 
Gitee


From b729e1febca4e668e5f5dbf1be20315a0468cdd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:20:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 25/30] feat(cqlib/pulse/waveform.py): Add load method to
 Waveform class

---
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index 377e58c..8a1f4f3 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -130,6 +130,57 @@ class Waveform:
             ps.extend([self.phase, self.drag_alpha])
         return ps
 
+    @classmethod
+    def load(cls, waveform: str | list[float | int], gate: str) -> Waveform:
+        """
+        Constructs Waveform from serialized data.
+
+        Args:
+            waveform (str | list[float | int]): Input data as either:
+                - Space-separated string of parameters
+                - List of numeric values
+            gate (str): Target gate operation (PXY/PZ/etc.) determining
+                  parameter interpretation
+
+        Returns:
+            Waveform: Instantiated waveform object
+        """
+        if isinstance(waveform, str):
+            waveform = map(float, waveform.split())
+        ps = waveform
+        try:
+            waveform_type = WaveformType(ps[0])
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise CqlibError(f"Invalid waveform type value: {ps[0]}") from e
+        length, amplitude = ps[1:3]
+        ps = ps[3:]
+        if gate == 'PXY':
+            phase, drag_alpha = ps[:2]
+            ps = ps[2:]
+        else:
+            phase, drag_alpha = None, None
+        kwargs = {
+            'w_type': waveform_type,
+            'length': int(length),
+            'amplitude': amplitude,
+            'phase': phase,
+            'drag_alpha': drag_alpha
+        }
+
+        if waveform_type == WaveformType.FLATTOP:
+            kwargs['edge'] = ps[0]
+        elif waveform_type == WaveformType.SLEPIAN:
+            thf, thi, lam2, lam3 = ps[:4]
+            kwargs.update({
+                'thf': thf,
+                'thi': thi,
+                'lam2': lam2,
+                'lam3': lam3,
+            })
+        elif waveform_type == WaveformType.NUMERIC:
+            kwargs['data_list'] = ps
+        return Waveform.create(**kwargs)
+
 
 @dataclass
 class CosineWaveform(Waveform):
@@ -193,18 +244,18 @@ class NumericWaveform(Waveform):
         - params: List of floats, Values must be in [0.0, 1.0],
                 Minimum length of 3 samples;
     """
-    params: list[float] = None
+    data_list: list[float] = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().validate()
-        if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.params):
+        if any(not (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) for x in self.data_list):
             raise CqlibError("All data values must be in [0,1]")
-        if len(self.params) < 3:
+        if len(self.data_list) < 3:
             raise CqlibError("The numerical list of data pulses is in the form"
                              " of [d0, d1, ..., dn], and the list length must be >= 3")
 
     @property
     def data(self) -> list[float]:
         ps = super().data
-        ps.extend(self.params)
+        ps.extend(self.data_list)
         return ps
-- 
Gitee


From ded7e3168314ec0e427b6cc11e89c9646ea8403f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:22:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 26/30] refactor(cqlib/circuits/circuit.py): Convert static
 method to class method and enhance parsing

---
 cqlib/circuits/circuit.py | 104 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
index d1bea91..a9a6920 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/circuit.py
@@ -781,63 +781,91 @@ class Circuit:
             ops.append(' '.join(line))
         return '\n'.join(ops)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def load(qcis: str) -> Circuit:
+    @classmethod
+    def load(cls, qcis: str) -> Circuit:
         """
-            Loads a quantum circuit from a formatted string.
+        Loads a quantum circuit from a QCIS string.
 
-            Args:
-                qcis (str): A string containing quantum circuit instructions, where each line
-                            represents a circuit operation. The format for each line is
-                            "GATE QUBITS [PARAMETERS]", e.g., "H Q0 Q1", "CX Q0 Q1", "RZ Q0 0.5".
+        Args:
+            qcis (str): A string containing quantum circuit instructions, where each line
+                        represents a circuit operation. The format for each line is
+                        "GATE QUBITS [PARAMETERS]", e.g., "H Q0 Q1", "CX Q0 Q1", "RZ Q0 0.5".
 
-            Returns:
-                Circuit: A quantum circuit object constructed based on the input string.
+        Returns:
+            Circuit: A quantum circuit object constructed based on the input string.
 
-            Raises:
-                ValueError: If the input string is improperly formatted or contains
-                    unknown gate operations.
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input string is improperly formatted or contains
+                unknown gate operations.
 
-            Example:
-                >>> circuit_description = "H Q0\\nCX Q0 Q1\\nM Q0"
-                >>> c = Circuit.load(circuit_description)
-                >>> print(c)
-                Circuit with 3 instructions
-            """
-        circuit = Circuit(0)
+        Example:
+            >>> circuit_description = "H Q0\\nCX Q0 Q1\\nM Q0"
+            >>> c = Circuit.load(circuit_description)
+            >>> print(c)
+            Circuit with 3 instructions
+        """
+        circuit = cls(qubits=[])
         line_pattern = re.compile(r'^([A-Z][A-Z0-9]*)\s+((?:Q[0-9]+\s*)+)'
                                   r'((?:[+-]?(?:\d*\.\d+|\d+)(?:[Ee][+-]?\d+)?\s*)*)$')
 
         for line in qcis.split('\n'):
-            line = line.strip()
+            # Delete comments `#` `//`.
+            line = re.sub(r'(#|//).*', '', line).strip()
             if not line:
                 continue
             match = line_pattern.match(line)
             if not match:
-                raise ValueError(f'Invalid line format: {line}')
-
+                raise ValueError(f'Invalid instruction format: {line}')
             gate, qubits_str, params_str = match.groups()
-            qubits = [circuit._qubits.setdefault(str(Qubit(int(q[1:]))), Qubit(int(q[1:])))
-                      for q in qubits_str.split()]
+            qubits = circuit._parse_qubits_str(qubits_str)
             params = [float(p) for p in params_str.split()] if params_str else []
+            circuit._process_instruction(gate, qubits, params)
+        return circuit
 
-            if gate == 'M':
-                for qubit in qubits:
-                    circuit.append_instruction_data(
-                        InstructionData(instruction=Measure(), qubits=[qubit]))
-                continue
-            if gate == 'B':
-                circuit.append_instruction_data(
-                    InstructionData(instruction=Barrier(len(qubits)), qubits=qubits))
-                continue
+    def _parse_qubits_str(self, qubits_str: str) -> list[Qubit]:
+        """
+        Parses and initializes standard qubit identifiers from QCIS instruction.
+
+        Converts space-separated qubit tokens (Q-prefixed) into Qubit objects,
+        creating new instances only when encountering previously unseen qubits.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits_str(str): Raw qubit specification segment from QCIS line.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[Qubit]: Initialized Qubit objects in order of appearance.
+        """
+        qubits = []
+        for q_str in qubits_str.split():
+            if q_str.startswith('Q'):
+                qubit = self._qubits.setdefault(q_str, Qubit(int(q_str[1:])))
+                qubits.append(qubit)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid qubit format: {q_str}")
+        return qubits
+
+    def _process_instruction(self, gate: str, qubits: list, params: list):
+        """
+        Core dispatcher for converting parsed components into circuit operations.
 
-            if not hasattr(gates, gate):
-                raise ValueError(f'Unknown gate: {gate}')
+        Args:
+            gate: Uppercase gate identifier (e.g., 'H', 'CX', 'RZ')
+            qubits: Qubit targets from prior parsing stage
+            params: Numerical parameters for parameterized gates
+        """
+        if gate == 'M':
+            for qubit in qubits:
+                self.append_instruction_data(
+                    InstructionData(instruction=Measure(), qubits=[qubit]))
+        elif gate == 'B':
+            self.append_instruction_data(
+                InstructionData(instruction=Barrier(len(qubits)), qubits=qubits))
+        elif hasattr(gates, gate):
             data = InstructionData(instruction=getattr(gates, gate)(*params, label=None),
                                    qubits=qubits)
-            circuit.append_instruction_data(data)
-
-        return circuit
+            self.append_instruction_data(data)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported gate: {gate}")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.as_str()
-- 
Gitee


From 79dc1b8f268b93391bb630856e78333dbf69da87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:24:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 27/30] feat(pulse_circuit.py): Add QCIS string loading support
 and parse pulse instructions

---
 cqlib/circuits/instruction_data.py |   4 +-
 cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py          |   2 +-
 cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py       | 127 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cqlib/pulse/pxy.py                 |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/circuits/instruction_data.py b/cqlib/circuits/instruction_data.py
index 0a87578..bf9804f 100644
--- a/cqlib/circuits/instruction_data.py
+++ b/cqlib/circuits/instruction_data.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 from typing import NamedTuple, Sequence
 
-from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
+from cqlib.circuits.bit import Bit
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction import Instruction
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class InstructionData(NamedTuple):
     instruction and the qubits it affects.
     """
     instruction: Instruction
-    qubits: Sequence[Qubit]
+    qubits: Sequence[Bit]
 
     def __repr__(self):
         s = [self.instruction.name, " ".join(map(str, self.qubits))]
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
index 61ecfbc..dda4e2e 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/base_pulse.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class BasePulse(Instruction, ABC):
 
         Args:
             name (str): Pulse type identifier (e.g. PZ/PZ0/PXY/G)
-            params (WaveformParams): Waveform parameter container storing physical values.
+            waveform (Waveform): Waveform parameter container storing physical values.
             label (str): Optional operational label for experimental tracking
         """
         self._waveform = waveform
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
index f5f1bf8..c7dc5d4 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 A specialized quantum circuit class designed for pulse-level control
 of qubits and coupler qubits.
 """
+import re
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit, Qubits
@@ -30,9 +31,12 @@ from .pxy import PXY
 from .pz import PZ
 from .pz0 import PZ0
 from .waveform import Waveform
+from .base_pulse import BasePulse
 
 CouplerQubits = int | CouplerQubit | Sequence[int | CouplerQubit]
 
+PULSE_GATES = ['PZ', 'PZ0', 'PXY', 'G']
+
 
 class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
     """
@@ -195,3 +199,126 @@ class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
             raise CqlibError(f"QASM 2.0 export not supported for circuits with coupler qubits. "
                              f"Found  coupler(s): {self.coupler_qubits}")
         return super().to_qasm2()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load(cls, qcis: str) -> 'PulseCircuit':
+        """
+        Loads quantum circuit with pulse-level instructions from QCIS string.
+
+        Extends base Circuit functionality with support for:
+        - Coupler qubits (G-prefixed identifiers)
+        - Pulse waveforms (PXY, PZ, PZ0)
+        - Hybrid circuits mixing gates and pulses
+
+        Args:
+            qcis: String containing hybrid quantum instructions.
+
+        Returns:
+            PulseCircuit: Circuit with pulse capabilities initialized.
+        """
+        circuit = cls(qubits=[], coupler_qubits=[])
+        pattern = re.compile(r'^([A-Z][A-Z0-9]*)\s+((?:[QG][0-9]+\s*)+)'
+                             r'((?:[+-]?(?:\d*\.\d+|\d+)(?:[Ee][+-]?\d+)?\s*)*)$')
+        for line in qcis.split('\n'):
+            line = re.sub(r'(#|//).*', '', line).strip()
+            if not line:
+                continue
+            match = pattern.match(line)
+            if not match:
+                raise ValueError(f'Invalid instruction format: {line}')
+            gate, qubits_str, params_str = match.groups()
+            qubits, coupler_qubits = cls._parse_pulse_qubits_str(circuit, qubits_str)
+            params = [float(p) for p in params_str.split()] if params_str else []
+            if gate in PULSE_GATES:
+                cls._process_pulse_instruction(circuit, gate, qubits, coupler_qubits, params)
+            else:
+                cls._process_instruction(circuit, gate, qubits, params)
+
+        return circuit
+
+    def _parse_pulse_qubits_str(
+            self,
+            qubits_str: str
+    ) -> tuple[list[Qubit], list[CouplerQubit]]:
+        """
+        Parses and categorizes qubit identifiers from QCIS instruction string.
+
+        Processes space-separated qubit tokens distinguishing between:
+        - Standard qubits (Q-prefixed)
+        - Coupler qubits (G-prefixed)
+
+        Args:
+            qubits_str: Raw qubit specification from QCIS instruction line.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple: Contains two lists respectively holding:
+                [0] Parsed standard Qubit objects
+                [1] Parsed CouplerQubit objects
+        """
+        qubits, coupler_qubits = [], []
+        for q_str in qubits_str.split():
+            if q_str.startswith('Q'):
+                qubit = self._qubits.setdefault(q_str, Qubit(int(q_str[1:])))
+                qubits.append(qubit)
+            elif q_str.startswith('G'):
+                coupler_qubit = self._coupler_qubits.setdefault(q_str, CouplerQubit(int(q_str[1:])))
+                coupler_qubits.append(coupler_qubit)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid qubit format: {q_str}")
+        return qubits, coupler_qubits
+
+    def _process_pulse_instruction(
+            self,
+            gate: str,
+            qubits: list[Qubit],
+            coupler_qubits: list[CouplerQubit],
+            params: list[float | int]
+    ):
+        """
+        Processes pulse-specific quantum instructions from parsed components.
+
+         Handles three categories of pulse operations:
+        1. G-type coupling pulses
+        2. PXY parametric XY control pulses
+        3. General pulse operations (PZ/PZ0 and dynamically resolved instructions)
+
+        Args:
+            gate(str): Uppercase gate identifier (e.g., 'G', 'PXY', 'PZ')
+            qubits( list[Qubit]): Standard qubit targets parsed from instruction
+            coupler_qubits(list[CouplerQubit]): Coupler qubit targets parsed from instruction
+            params(list[float | int]): Numerical parameters following the qubit specification
+        """
+        if gate == 'G':
+            if len(params) != 2:
+                raise CqlibError("G gate requires exactly 2 parameters (length, coupling_strength)")
+            length, coupling_strength = params
+            self._circuit_data.append(
+                InstructionData(instruction=G(length, coupling_strength), qubits=coupler_qubits)
+            )
+            return
+        # Create waveform for pulse operations
+        waveform = Waveform.load(params, gate)
+        if gate == 'PXY':
+            if not qubits:
+                raise CqlibError("PXY pulse requires valid qubit targets")
+            self._circuit_data.append(
+                InstructionData(instruction=PXY(waveform), qubits=coupler_qubits)
+            )
+            return
+        # For PZ/PZ0, validate mutual exclusivity of qubit types
+        if bool(qubits) == bool(coupler_qubits):
+            raise CqlibError("Must provide exactly one of qubits or coupler_qubits for PZ/PZ0")
+        qubits = qubits if qubits is not None else coupler_qubits
+
+        # Dynamic gate resolution
+        try:
+            # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel, cyclic-import
+            from cqlib import pulse
+            instruction_class = getattr(pulse, gate)
+        except AttributeError as ex:
+            raise CqlibError(f"Unknown pulse instruction: {gate}") from ex
+        if not issubclass(instruction_class, BasePulse):
+            raise CqlibError(f"{gate} is not a valid pulse instruction")
+        self._circuit_data.append(
+            InstructionData(instruction=instruction_class(waveform=waveform), qubits=qubits)
+        )
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
index 9105968..e0944a0 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pxy.py
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ class PXY(BasePulse):
         if waveform.phase is None or waveform.drag_alpha is None:
             raise CqlibError('PXY must have phase and drag_alpha params')
         if isinstance(waveform, NumericWaveform) \
-                and (len(waveform.params) < 6 or len(waveform.params) % 2 == 1):
+                and (len(waveform.data_list) < 6 or len(waveform.data_list) % 2 == 1):
             raise CqlibError('The length of its list must >=6 and must be even.')
-- 
Gitee


From 8dc2ab192ff3c7213cd9ef447102c1395bcce836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 16:37:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 28/30] fix(pulse): Ensure integer parameters for G gate and
 waveform

---
 cqlib/pulse/g.py             |  1 +
 cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 cqlib/pulse/waveform.py      | 29 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/g.py b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
index 1a0652b..f0cb626 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/g.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/g.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ class G(BasePulse):
         self.length = length
         self.coupling_strength = coupling_strength
         super().__init__('G', waveform=None, label=label)
+        self.params = [length, coupling_strength]
 
     def validate(self):
         """
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
index c7dc5d4..02fbac5 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/pulse_circuit.py
@@ -292,8 +292,19 @@ class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
             if len(params) != 2:
                 raise CqlibError("G gate requires exactly 2 parameters (length, coupling_strength)")
             length, coupling_strength = params
+            if length != int(length):
+                raise CqlibError(
+                    f"G pulse length parameter must be integer value, "
+                    f"received {type(length).__name__} {length}"
+                )
+            if coupling_strength != int(coupling_strength):
+                raise CqlibError(
+                    f"G pulse coupling_strength parameter requires integer value, "
+                    f"got {type(coupling_strength).__name__} {coupling_strength}"
+                )
             self._circuit_data.append(
-                InstructionData(instruction=G(length, coupling_strength), qubits=coupler_qubits)
+                InstructionData(instruction=G(int(length), int(coupling_strength)),
+                                qubits=coupler_qubits)
             )
             return
         # Create waveform for pulse operations
@@ -302,13 +313,13 @@ class PulseCircuit(Circuit):
             if not qubits:
                 raise CqlibError("PXY pulse requires valid qubit targets")
             self._circuit_data.append(
-                InstructionData(instruction=PXY(waveform), qubits=coupler_qubits)
+                InstructionData(instruction=PXY(waveform), qubits=qubits)
             )
             return
         # For PZ/PZ0, validate mutual exclusivity of qubit types
         if bool(qubits) == bool(coupler_qubits):
             raise CqlibError("Must provide exactly one of qubits or coupler_qubits for PZ/PZ0")
-        qubits = qubits if qubits is not None else coupler_qubits
+        qubits = qubits if len(qubits) > 0 else coupler_qubits
 
         # Dynamic gate resolution
         try:
diff --git a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
index 8a1f4f3..9ecd8f6 100644
--- a/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
+++ b/cqlib/pulse/waveform.py
@@ -168,17 +168,21 @@ class Waveform:
         }
 
         if waveform_type == WaveformType.FLATTOP:
-            kwargs['edge'] = ps[0]
-        elif waveform_type == WaveformType.SLEPIAN:
-            thf, thi, lam2, lam3 = ps[:4]
-            kwargs.update({
-                'thf': thf,
-                'thi': thi,
-                'lam2': lam2,
-                'lam3': lam3,
-            })
-        elif waveform_type == WaveformType.NUMERIC:
-            kwargs['data_list'] = ps
+            edge = ps[0]
+            if edge != int(edge):
+                raise CqlibError('')
+            kwargs['edge'] = int(edge)
+        else:
+            ps = [int(p) if p == int(p) else p for p in ps]
+            if waveform_type == WaveformType.SLEPIAN:
+                kwargs.update({
+                    'thf': ps[0],
+                    'thi': ps[1],
+                    'lam2': ps[2],
+                    'lam3': ps[3],
+                })
+            elif waveform_type == WaveformType.NUMERIC:
+                kwargs['data_list'] = ps
         return Waveform.create(**kwargs)
 
 
@@ -202,6 +206,9 @@ class FlattopWaveform(Waveform):
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         self.validate()
+        if self.edge < 0 or not isinstance(self.edge, int):
+            raise CqlibError(f"Flattop waveform edge parameter must be a positive integer, "
+                             f"got {type(self.edge).__name__} {self.edge}")
         if 2 * self.edge >= self.length:
             raise CqlibError(f"Edge ({self.edge}) too large for length {self.length}")
 
-- 
Gitee


From 46b5623d20f204e81ada100a74a88cbe3bc2844f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 17:31:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 29/30] test(test_circuit.py,test_pulse_circuit.py): Add pulse
 circuit tests and improve error message for invalid circuit instruction

---
 tests/circuit/test_circuit.py     |  3 +-
 tests/pulse/test_pulse_circuit.py | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/pulse/test_pulse_circuit.py

diff --git a/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py b/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
index 67096c5..205b1e4 100644
--- a/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
+++ b/tests/circuit/test_circuit.py
@@ -257,8 +257,9 @@ def test_load_circuit():
 def test_load_circuit_params():
     """test load circuit with param, but will fail"""
     qcis = "H Q1\nRX Q0 theta\nRX Q1 2.2\nM Q0\nM Q1"
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exec_info:
         Circuit.load(qcis)
+    assert 'Invalid instruction format: RX Q0 theta' in exec_info.value.args[0]
 
 
 def test_load_e():
diff --git a/tests/pulse/test_pulse_circuit.py b/tests/pulse/test_pulse_circuit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea0d4e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/pulse/test_pulse_circuit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# This code is part of cqlib.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 China Telecom Quantum Group, QuantumCTek Co., Ltd.,
+# Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+""" testcase for pulse circuit """
+
+from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
+from cqlib.pulse import PulseCircuit, CouplerQubit, Waveform, WaveformType
+
+
+def test_coupler_qubit():
+    """ test coupler qubits"""
+    cq = CouplerQubit(1)
+    assert cq.index == 1
+    assert str(cq) == 'G1'
+
+
+def test_pulse_circuit():
+    """ test base pulse circuit """
+    pc = PulseCircuit(qubits=[0], coupler_qubits=[0])
+    assert pc.qubits == [Qubit(0)]
+    assert pc.coupler_qubits == [CouplerQubit(0)]
+
+
+def test_base_qcis():
+    """ test base qcis """
+    pc = PulseCircuit(qubits=[0], coupler_qubits=[0])
+    pc.h(0)
+    pc.measure(0)
+    assert pc.qcis == 'H Q0\nM Q0'
+
+    pc = PulseCircuit(qubits=[0], coupler_qubits=[0])
+    waveform = Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=100, amplitude=0.2,
+                               phase=1.1, drag_alpha=0.1)
+    pc.pxy(0, waveform)
+    pc.pz(CouplerQubit(0), Waveform.create(WaveformType.COSINE, length=100, amplitude=0.2))
+    pc.measure(0)
+    assert pc.qcis == 'PXY Q0 0 100 0.2 1.1 0.1\nPZ G0 0 100 0.2\nM Q0'
+
+
+def test_load_pulse():
+    """ test load pulse qcis """
+    qcis = """PXY Q0 0 100 0.2 1.1 0.1
+PZ G0 0 100 0.2
+PZ0 Q1 1 100 0.2 10
+G G0 10 1000
+M Q0"""
+    qc = PulseCircuit.load(qcis)
+    assert qc.as_str() == qcis
-- 
Gitee


From 62926f61fd2e5b4b65e40ff777a9698b326ca857 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gao Jianjian <jianjian001@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 15:11:24 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 30/30] refactor(cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py): Move
 BoxChar to base.py. Update the `BaseDrawer` class to use `Bit` instead of
 `Qubit` for qubit_order and related attributes.

---
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py | 31 +---------------------
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
index e240af0..3a90389 100644
--- a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/base.py
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ Quantum circuit visualization
 
 import logging
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from enum import Enum
 from typing import Iterator
 
-from cqlib import Qubit
+from cqlib.circuits.bit import Bit
+from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.dag import circuit_to_dag, topological_layers
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
@@ -28,16 +30,44 @@ from cqlib.exceptions import CqlibError
 logger = logging.getLogger('cqlib.vis')
 
 
+class BoxChar(str, Enum):
+    """
+    Unicode box-drawing characters collection for circuit visualization
+    """
+    TOP = '╵'
+    BOTTOM = '╷'
+    LEFT = '╴'
+    RIGHT = '╶'
+    TOP_BOTTOM = '│'
+    LEFT_RIGHT = '─'
+
+    TOP_LEFT = '┘'
+    TOP_RIGHT = '└'
+    BOTTOM_LEFT = '┐'
+    BOTTOM_RIGHT = '┌'
+
+    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT = '┤'
+    TOP_BOTTOM_RIGHT = '├'
+    TOP_LEFT_RIGHT = '┴'
+    BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┬'
+    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┼'
+
+    DOT = '■'
+    CONNECT = 'X'
+    LEFT_ARROW = '«'
+    RIGHT_ARROW = '»'
+
+
 class BaseDrawer(ABC):
     """
     Abstract Quantum circuit Drawer.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, circuit: Circuit, qubit_order: list[int | Qubit] = None):
+    def __init__(self, circuit: Circuit, qubit_order: list[int | Bit] = None):
         self.circuit = circuit
         self.qubit_order = qubit_order
-        self.sorted_qubits = None
-        self.qubit_mapping = None
+        self.sorted_qubits: list[Bit] = []
+        self.qubit_mapping: dict[Bit, int] = {}
 
         self.order_qubits()
 
@@ -118,7 +148,7 @@ class BaseDrawer(ABC):
                 moment_columns.append([qubit_range])
         return [[qubit_min_to_ins[r[0]] for r in col] for col in moment_columns]
 
-    def qubit_line_no(self, qubit: Qubit) -> int:
+    def qubit_line_no(self, qubit: Bit) -> int:
         """
         Retrieves the display line number for a given qubit in the visualization
 
diff --git a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
index 85bfb7c..5bbaeec 100644
--- a/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
+++ b/cqlib/visualization/circuit/text.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ Provides ASCII/Unicode art representation of quantum circuits using box-drawing
 import copy
 import logging
 import shutil
-from enum import Enum
 
 from cqlib.circuits.circuit import Circuit
 from cqlib.circuits.gates import SWAP, CZ
@@ -28,39 +27,11 @@ from cqlib.circuits.gates.gate import ControlledGate
 from cqlib.circuits.instruction_data import InstructionData
 from cqlib.circuits.qubit import Qubit
 
-from .base import BaseDrawer
+from .base import BaseDrawer, BoxChar
 
 logger = logging.getLogger('cqlib.vis')
 
 
-class BoxChar(str, Enum):
-    """
-    Unicode box-drawing characters collection for circuit visualization
-    """
-    TOP = '╵'
-    BOTTOM = '╷'
-    LEFT = '╴'
-    RIGHT = '╶'
-    TOP_BOTTOM = '│'
-    LEFT_RIGHT = '─'
-
-    TOP_LEFT = '┘'
-    TOP_RIGHT = '└'
-    BOTTOM_LEFT = '┐'
-    BOTTOM_RIGHT = '┌'
-
-    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT = '┤'
-    TOP_BOTTOM_RIGHT = '├'
-    TOP_LEFT_RIGHT = '┴'
-    BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┬'
-    TOP_BOTTOM_LEFT_RIGHT = '┼'
-
-    DOT = '■'
-    CONNECT = 'X'
-    LEFT_ARROW = '«'
-    RIGHT_ARROW = '»'
-
-
 class TextDrawer(BaseDrawer):
     """
     Renders quantum circuits as text diagrams using box-drawing characters
-- 
Gitee